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Biomedical Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe negative feedback in the regulation of hormone release.

A

Low blood levels of a hormone causes a release of hormone by an endocrine gland. Once blood levels are high enough, it inhibits the further release of that hormone.

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2
Q

Describe positive feedback in the regulation of hormone release.

A

Physical/mechanical stimulation causes a release of hormone, which leads to more physical/mechanical stimulation, which leads to release of more hormone, and so on.

Ex: oxytocin during labor; triggered by smooth muscle contractions in the uterus

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3
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Posterior to 3rd ventricle

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4
Q

What hormone does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?

A

oxytocin

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5
Q

What hormone does the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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6
Q

What are the four releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus that influence the anterior pituitary?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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7
Q

What are the two inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus that influence the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

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8
Q

What effect does TRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin

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9
Q

What effect does CRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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10
Q

What effect does GnRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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11
Q

What effect does GHRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Promotes secretion of growth hormone

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12
Q

What effect does GHIH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

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13
Q

What effect does PIH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

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14
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary or pars nervosa)

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary or pars distalis)

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15
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

Swollen axon terminals in the neurohypophysis filled with either oxytocin or ADH

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16
Q

What effects does oxytocin have on the body?

A

Labor contractions, milk release; possibly involved in ejaculation, sperm transport in the female, sexual affection, and parent-offspring bonding

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17
Q

What is the function of pituicytes in the neurohypophysis?

A

Maintainance and support of axons

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18
Q

What are the three cell types of the adenohypophysis?

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

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19
Q

What hormones do acidophils produce in the adenohypophysis? How do they usually present under the microscope?

A

Prolactin & growth hormone

Appear red due to binding of acidic dyes

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20
Q

What hormones do basophils produce in the adenohypophysis? How do they usually present under the microscope?

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  2. Luteinizing hormone
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Appear purple or blue due to binding of basic dyes

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21
Q

What are chromophobes in the adenohypophysis? How do they typically present under a microscope?

A

Acidophils or basophils that have released their product

Appear very pale blue or clear

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22
Q

What are the principal effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Female: growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen

Male: spermatogenesis

23
Q

What are the principal effects of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Female: ovulation, production and maintenance of corpus luteum

Male: testosterone secretion

24
Q

What are the principal effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Growth of thyroid

Secretion of thyroid hormone

25
Q

What are the principal effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Growth of adrenal cortex

Secretion of glucocorticoids

26
Q

What are the principal effects of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Female: milk synthesis

Male: increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion

27
Q

What are the principal effects of growth hormone (GH)?

A

Widespread tissue growth, especially in:

liver

bone

cartilage

muscle

fat

28
Q

What are the cell types of follicles in the thyroid (thyroid follicular cells)? Which ones are active and which ones are inactive?

A

Squamous: inactive

Cuboidal: active

29
Q

What is thyroglobulin? Where is it produced?

A

Colloid precursor to thyroid hormone.

30
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid follicular cells and what is its function?

A

Thyroxine (thyroid hormone): regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body

stimulates prenatal and childhood brain development

Promotes intestinal absorption

Increases metabolic rate (increased body heat production)

31
Q

What are the two components of thyroxine?

A

Tetraiodothyronine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

32
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the parafollicular cells? What is its function?

A

Calcitonin: regulates blood calcium levels during hypercalcemia in children (negligible effect in adults)

*indicated by arrows in image*

33
Q

Describe Grave’s disease

A

Most severe form of hyperthyroidism; produces antibodies against TSH receptors

Causes rapid heartbeat, sweating, weight loss, bulging eyes, heat intolerance

34
Q

Describe hypothyroidism.

A

Reduction of thyroid hormone output

Usually the result of a different autoimmune disease, lack of iodine, or thyroid cancer

Causes lethargy, sleepiness, slow thinking, weight gain, cold intolerance

35
Q

What are the two cell types of the parathyroid gland?

A

Principle (chief) cells

Oxyphil cells

36
Q

What is the function of principle cells?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone, which:

raises blood calcium levels and is antagonistic to parafollicular cells

37
Q

What is the function of oxyphil cells?

A

No known functions

38
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex

Medulla

39
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

40
Q

What is the precursor to ALL hormones of the adrenal cortex? What is this type of hormone called?

A

Cholesterol

Corticosteroids or corticoids

41
Q

What family of hormones is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids

Ex: aldosterone

42
Q

What family of hormones is secreted by the zona fasciculata? What are the cells of this zone called?

A

Glucocorticoids

Ex: cortisol

Spongiocytes

43
Q

What family of hormones is secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens and estrogens

44
Q

Describe Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Lesion to the anterior pituitary; causes an increase in ACTH secretion, which leads to an increased cortisol secretion

Symptoms: disruption of carbohydrate & protein metabolism, hyperglycemia, edema, loss of bone & muscle mass, and abnormal fat deposition in the face or shoulders

45
Q

Describe Addison’s Disease

A

Under-production of cortisol; two subtypes:

Primary adrenal insufficiency - damage to adrenal gland itself

Secondary adrenal insufficiency - pituitary doesn’t produce enough ACTH

Symptoms: hypoglycemia, hypotension, weight loss, weakness, loss of stress resistance, darkening of the skin, and potentially fatal dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

46
Q

What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla? What hormones do they excrete?

A

Chromaffin cells: secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a little dopamine

47
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Roof of 3rd ventricle, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum

48
Q

What are the secretory cells of the pineal gland? What do they secrete and what do they regulate?

A

Pinealocytes: secrete melatonin and regulate circadian rhythm

49
Q

Describe brain (pineal) sand

A

Corpora arenacea

Benign calcified granules that accumulate in the pineal gland with age; visible on x-ray, enabling radiologists to determine the position of the gland

50
Q

What are the endocrine subunits of the pancreas? What are the cell types it contains?

A

Islets of Langerhans:

α-cells

β-cells

δ-cells

51
Q

What do α-cells secrete? Function?

A

Glucagon - raises blood sugar

Fuel for body between meals

52
Q

What do β-cells secrete? Function?

A

Insulin - lowers blood sugar

Stimulates tissues and organs to take in sugar and nutrients to store or metabolize

53
Q

What do δ-cells secrete? Function?

A

Somatostatin - regulates speed of digestion

Biomedical Anatomy (10 decks)

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