GI SBAs Flashcards
what can causes of dysphagia be categorised into
1 obstructive
2 oesophageal motility disorders
3 others
what are obstructive causes of dysphagia
1 malignancy (oesphageal or gastric or pharyngeal)
2 peptic strictures
3 extrinsic pressure from lung carcinoma or retrosternal goitre
what is a peptic stricture
endstage result of chronic reflux oesophagitis
what are the oesophageal motility disorders causing dysphagia
1 achalasia
2 stroke
3 myasthenia gravis
what are other causes of dysphagia
oesphagitis
pharyngeal pouch
what treatment is recommended for duodenal ulcers which are h. pylori positive
triple therapy
what is triple therapy
PPI and two antibiotics
what is the most appropriate investigation for diagnosing a hiatus hernia
barium swallow
how would barretts oesophagus be described
metaplasia of squamous epithelium in lower third of the oesphagus to columnar epithelium
what does barretts oesphagus increase risk of
oesophageal adenocarcinoma
what organisms are responsible for causing bloody diarrhoea
campylobacter
salmonella
e. coli
shigella
is s.aureus a cause of bloody diarrhoea
no
what triad of symptoms is associated with budd chiari syndrome
acute abdominal pain
hepatomegaly
ascites
what is cause of budd chiari syndrome
hepatic vein outflow obstruction causing backflow to the liver
what is gilberts syndrome
an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
patients present in adolescenes with asymptomatic jaundice, noticed after fasting, exercising or lack of sleep
what is the treatment of gilberts syndrome
none
what drugs are known to cause gallstone formation
penicillins
oestrogens
erythromycin
what are the different types of laxatives
osmotic laxatives
stimulant laxatives
bulking laxatives
give an osmotic laxative
lactulose
give a stimulant laxative
docusate sodium
what are GI causes of clubbing
IBD liver cirrhosis PBC coeliacs achalasia
what are the five most common causes of upper GI bleeds
1 peptic ulcers (35-50%) 2 mallory weis tears (15%) 3 oesophagitis 4 gastritis + gastric erosions 5 oesophageal varices
what is portal HTN
portal vein >10mmHg
how can the causes of portal HTN be subdivided
1 pre-hepatic
2 hepatic
3 post hepatic
what are 2 pre-hepatic causes of portal HTN
1 portal vein thrombosis
2 splenic vein thrombosis
what are 2 hepatic causes of portal HTN
1 cirrhosis (80%) 2 schistosomiasis (most common worldwide) 3
what are 2 post-hepatic causes of portal HTN
1 budd chiari syndrome
2 RHF
