GI SBAs

Question 1

what can causes of dysphagia be categorised into

Answer 1

1 obstructive
2 oesophageal motility disorders
3 others

Question 2

what are obstructive causes of dysphagia

Answer 2

1 malignancy (oesphageal or gastric or pharyngeal)
2 peptic strictures
3 extrinsic pressure from lung carcinoma or retrosternal goitre

Question 3

what is a peptic stricture

Answer 3

endstage result of chronic reflux oesophagitis

Question 4

what are the oesophageal motility disorders causing dysphagia

Answer 4

1 achalasia
2 stroke
3 myasthenia gravis

Question 5

what are other causes of dysphagia

Answer 5

oesphagitis

pharyngeal pouch

Question 6

what treatment is recommended for duodenal ulcers which are h. pylori positive

Answer 6

triple therapy

Question 7

what is triple therapy

Answer 7

PPI and two antibiotics

Question 8

what is the most appropriate investigation for diagnosing a hiatus hernia

Answer 8

barium swallow

Question 9

how would barretts oesophagus be described

Answer 9

metaplasia of squamous epithelium in lower third of the oesphagus to columnar epithelium

Question 10

what does barretts oesphagus increase risk of

Answer 10

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 11

what organisms are responsible for causing bloody diarrhoea

Answer 11

campylobacter
salmonella
e. coli
shigella

Question 12

is s.aureus a cause of bloody diarrhoea

Answer 12

no

Question 13

what triad of symptoms is associated with budd chiari syndrome

Answer 13

acute abdominal pain
hepatomegaly
ascites

Question 14

what is cause of budd chiari syndrome

Answer 14

hepatic vein outflow obstruction causing backflow to the liver

Question 15

what is gilberts syndrome

Answer 15

an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

patients present in adolescenes with asymptomatic jaundice, noticed after fasting, exercising or lack of sleep

Question 16

what is the treatment of gilberts syndrome

Answer 16

none

Question 17

what drugs are known to cause gallstone formation

Answer 17

penicillins
oestrogens
erythromycin

Question 18

what are the different types of laxatives

Answer 18

osmotic laxatives
stimulant laxatives
bulking laxatives

Question 19

give an osmotic laxative

Answer 19

lactulose

Question 20

give a stimulant laxative

Answer 20

docusate sodium

Question 21

what are GI causes of clubbing

Answer 21

IBD
liver cirrhosis
PBC
coeliacs
achalasia

Question 22

what are the five most common causes of upper GI bleeds

Answer 22

1 peptic ulcers (35-50%)
2 mallory weis tears (15%)
3 oesophagitis
4 gastritis + gastric erosions
5 oesophageal varices

Question 23

what is portal HTN

Answer 23

portal vein >10mmHg

Question 24

how can the causes of portal HTN be subdivided

Answer 24

1 pre-hepatic
2 hepatic
3 post hepatic

Question 25

what are 2 pre-hepatic causes of portal HTN

Answer 25

1 portal vein thrombosis

2 splenic vein thrombosis

Question 26

what are 2 hepatic causes of portal HTN

Answer 26

1 cirrhosis (80%)
2 schistosomiasis (most common worldwide)
3

Question 27

what are 2 post-hepatic causes of portal HTN

Answer 27

1 budd chiari syndrome

2 RHF