GI production of protiens

Question 1

What is albumin?

Answer 1

Albumin is a highly negatively charged, highly soluble protien.

Question 2

What is the function of albumin in the body?

Answer 2

Regulating the oncotic pressure of blood. 
Free radial scavenger. 
Anticoagulant.
Antithrombotic. 
Transport.

Question 3

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 3

A form of osmotic pressure exerted on the blood by proteins.

Question 4

What controls the rate of albumin production?

Answer 4

Change in colloid oncotic pressure in the extravascular liver space.

Question 5

How many binding sites does albumin have?

Answer 5

4.

Question 6

How does albumin enter and leave the circulation?

Answer 6

Leaves- from intersititum to lymphatics

Enters- into circulation by thoracic duct.

Question 7

What causes a decrease in albumin?

Answer 7

Liver disease, liver resection, renal failure, bleeding, exudative loss due to bleeding.

Question 8

What are the results of decreased albumin?

Answer 8

Decreased colloid oncotic pressure causing oedema.

Decreased ligand binding and hormone transport.

Question 9

Where are clotting factors produced?

Answer 9

All of the clotting factors except VIII are produced in the liver

Question 10

Where is factor VIII produced?

Answer 10

Endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Question 11

What is the role of clotting factors in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 11

They cause the activation of

Question 12

What is the role of clotting factors in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 12

They cause the activation of prothrombin factor which starts the whole process.

Question 13

What are the stages in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 13

Prothrombin activated by activation of prothrombin activator and converted to thrombin.
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms blood clot mesh.

Question 14

What are the pathways for the activation of prothrombin activating factor?

Answer 14

Intrinsic, extrinsic and common.

Question 15

What clotting factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 15

12,11,9,8

Question 16

What causes the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 16

Trauma to blood cells or exposure of blood cells to collagen.

Question 17

What are the clotting factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 17

7

Question 18

What causes the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 18

Tissue trauma.

Question 19

What are the clotting factors involved in the common pathway?

Answer 19

1,2,5

Question 20

What is clotting factor 10?

Answer 20

Prothrombin activator.

Question 21

What is the complement system?

Answer 21

Part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane.

Question 22

Where are complement factors synthesized?

Answer 22

Synthesized in the liver but circulate in inactive form in the blood.

Question 23

What is protein turnover?

Answer 23

The continuous rate of degradation and re-synthesis of all cellular protein.

Question 24

Where are there high rates of protein turnover?

Answer 24

In tissues undergoing structural repair or growth.

Question 25

What happens if your rate of protein turnover is low?

Answer 25

Your nitrogen balance is +ve

Common causes- pregnancy, bodybuilders, patients.

Question 26

What happens if your rate of protein turnover is high?

Answer 26

Your nitrogen balance is -ve

Common causes- malnutrition.

Question 27

What are the two types of protein degradation?

Answer 27

Lysosomal and non-lysosomal.

Question 28

Where does lysosomal degradation take place?

Answer 28

The reticulo-endothelial system of the liver.

Question 29

What cells are involved in lysosomal degradation of proteins?

Answer 29

The sinusoidal endothelial cells, kuppfer cells and pit cells.

Question 30

What mediates non-lysosomal degradation of proteins and how?

Answer 30

Ubiquitin marks proteins for destruction.