GI Diet and Fuels. Flashcards
What is BMR? and what are its units?
Basal Metabolic Rate. The minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time at rest. Units joules per hour per kg body mass
How do you calculate BMR in men?
BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5
What factors cause a decreased BMR?
Age Gender Dieting/Starvation Hypothyroidism Decreased muscle mass Drugs
What factors cause an increased BMR?
Body weight (BMI) Hyperthyroidism Low ambient temp. Fever/infection/chronic disease Caffeine/stimulant intake Exercise Pregnancy & lactation
What is the energy utilization at rest fed?
BMR+10%
What is the energy utilization of a sedentary lifestyle?
BMR +30%
What is the energy utilization of 2hrs of exercise a day?
BMR+70%
What is energy utilization of several hrs strenuous exercise a day?
BMR + 100%
What are the energy stores in the body?
Triglycerides in adipose -15kgs
Glycogen 200g liver and 150g muscles
Protein in muscle-6kg
What is the function of insulin in fed state?
Glucose uptake in liver to glycogen and FA’s.
Block triglyceride breakdown to FA’s.
How much and what type of fuel does the brain consume?
Almost entirely glucose except from in prolonged starvation. 120g a day 60% of glucose.
What type of fuel do the muscles consume?
Glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies.
What type and how much fuel do the kidneys consume?
Glucose. Using 10% of the bodies oxygen for gluconeogenesis.
What is the fuel of the liver?
α-Ketoacids derived from the degradation of amino acids.
What occurs to food stores during starvation?
Short- primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores, small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain.
Prolonged- depleted body fat stores so burns primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source.
What is vitamin A used for? so what would a deficiency cause?
Cellular growth and differentiation, vision, reproduction, maintenance of mucous membranes and production of lymphocytes. Deficiency causes- night blindness.
Where is vitamin A absorbed and stored?
Vitamin A is mainly absorbed in the upper small intestine. Vitamin A is converted to retinol for storage in the liver and fat.
Is vitamin A water or fat soluable?
Fat soluable.
What is vitamin B12 used for? so what would a deficiency cause?
Role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and the formation of red blood cells.
Deficiency causes- Fatigue, lethargy, depression, poor memory, breathlessness, headaches, and pale skin
Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?
In the ileum after being combined with intrinsic factor to enable absorption.
What is the function of R groups and P enzymes in Vitamin B12 absorption?
R groups- protect B12 from breakdown by the stomach acid.
P (pancreatic) enzymes- remove R groups when the B12 reaches the duodenum and jejunum.
Where is intrinsic factor synthesized?
Parietal cells of the stomach. It allows the B12 to be absorbed into the ileal cells.
Where is R protein synthesized?
Salivary glands and the stomach.
Where is vitamin B stored?
limited storage as low stability.
