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Medicine phase 1 exams > GI Diet and Fuels. > Flashcards

GI Diet and Fuels. Flashcards

1
Q

What is BMR? and what are its units?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate. The minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time at rest. Units joules per hour per kg body mass

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2
Q

How do you calculate BMR in men?

A

BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5

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3
Q

What factors cause a decreased BMR?

A 
Age
Gender
Dieting/Starvation
Hypothyroidism
Decreased muscle mass
Drugs
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4
Q

What factors cause an increased BMR?

A 
Body weight (BMI)
Hyperthyroidism
Low ambient temp.
Fever/infection/chronic disease
Caffeine/stimulant intake
Exercise
Pregnancy & lactation
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5
Q

What is the energy utilization at rest fed?

A

BMR+10%

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6
Q

What is the energy utilization of a sedentary lifestyle?

A

BMR +30%

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7
Q

What is the energy utilization of 2hrs of exercise a day?

A

BMR+70%

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8
Q

What is energy utilization of several hrs strenuous exercise a day?

A

BMR + 100%

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9
Q

What are the energy stores in the body?

A

Triglycerides in adipose -15kgs
Glycogen 200g liver and 150g muscles
Protein in muscle-6kg

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10
Q

What is the function of insulin in fed state?

A

Glucose uptake in liver to glycogen and FA’s.

Block triglyceride breakdown to FA’s.

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11
Q

How much and what type of fuel does the brain consume?

A

Almost entirely glucose except from in prolonged starvation. 120g a day 60% of glucose.

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12
Q

What type of fuel do the muscles consume?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies.

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13
Q

What type and how much fuel do the kidneys consume?

A

Glucose. Using 10% of the bodies oxygen for gluconeogenesis.

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14
Q

What is the fuel of the liver?

A

α-Ketoacids derived from the degradation of amino acids.

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15
Q

What occurs to food stores during starvation?

A

Short- primarily free fatty acids from body fat stores, small amounts of muscle tissue to provide required glucose for the brain.
Prolonged- depleted body fat stores so burns primarily lean tissue and muscle as a fuel source.

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16
Q

What is vitamin A used for? so what would a deficiency cause?

A

Cellular growth and differentiation, vision, reproduction, maintenance of mucous membranes and production of lymphocytes. Deficiency causes- night blindness.

17
Q

Where is vitamin A absorbed and stored?

A

Vitamin A is mainly absorbed in the upper small intestine. Vitamin A is converted to retinol for storage in the liver and fat.

18
Q

Is vitamin A water or fat soluable?

A

Fat soluable.

19
Q

What is vitamin B12 used for? so what would a deficiency cause?

A

Role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and the formation of red blood cells.
Deficiency causes- Fatigue, lethargy, depression, poor memory, breathlessness, headaches, and pale skin

20
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

In the ileum after being combined with intrinsic factor to enable absorption.

21
Q

What is the function of R groups and P enzymes in Vitamin B12 absorption?

A

R groups- protect B12 from breakdown by the stomach acid.

P (pancreatic) enzymes- remove R groups when the B12 reaches the duodenum and jejunum.

22
Q

Where is intrinsic factor synthesized?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach. It allows the B12 to be absorbed into the ileal cells.

23
Q

Where is R protein synthesized?

A

Salivary glands and the stomach.

24
Q

Where is vitamin B stored?

A

limited storage as low stability.

25
Q

What does vitamin C do? and therefore what does deficiency cause?

A

It aids in the synthesis of collagen neurotransmitters and carnitine.
Deficiency= scurvy- Bleeding gums, easy bruising, decreased healing rate.

26
Q

Why does vitamin C have antioxidant properties? why is this important?

A

It can donate electrons to radical Oxygen compounds. This is important as it aids in the absorption of non-heme iron.

27
Q

Where is vitamin C absorbed?

A

The small intestine

28
Q

Is vitamin C water or fat soluble?

A

Water soluble.

29
Q

What is vitamin D used for? and therefore what does deficiency cause?

A

Increase intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.
Deficiency- difficulty thinking clearly, bone pain, frequent bone fractures and muscle weakness.

30
Q

Where is vitamin D absorbed?

A

The liver converts it to hydroxyl vitamin D which is inactive and this is activated by the kidney to dihydroxy-vitamin D.

31
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K.

32
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

Vitamins B and C.

33
Q

What is a macro nutrient?

A

A complex energy source in humans usually fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

34
Q

How much energy is there in carbs per gram?

A

4kcal/g

35
Q

How much energy is there in protein per gram?

A

4kcal/g

36
Q

How much energy is there in lipid per gram?

A

9kcal/g

37
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

The liver.

38
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble but become soluble on cooking.

39
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

8/9 out of the 20.

Medicine phase 1 exams (15 decks)

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