Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > GI Physiology (&Immunology) > Flashcards

GI Physiology (&Immunology) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main monosaccharides (hexose sugars)?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of bond links two monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are glucose monomers linked by alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds hydrolysed by?

A

Amylases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do amylases hydrolyse?

A

Glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are glucose monomers linked by in cellulose?

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What glucose monomers linked by in glycogen?

A

Alpha,1-4 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What polysaccharide does alpha-amylase not work on?

A

Cellulose (B-1,4 glycosidic bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the brush border of a cell?

A

Apical membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pathway that goes between cells called?

A

Paracellular pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epithelial transport processes need a minimum of how many transporters?

A

Two transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do epithelial transport processes need two transporters?

A

One at apical membrane and one at basolateral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which membrane is Na-K ATPase expressed in?

A

Basolateral membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do you need for SGLT1 to work?

A

Glucose and Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration normally?

A

~5mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What transporter transports glucose out of the cell?

A

Glut-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of junction is permeable to water in the small intestine?

A

Tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What else does SGLT1 transporter apart from glucose?

A

Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What condition can mutation of the SGLT1 gene cause?

A

Glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does SGLT1 not transport?

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What transporter transports fructose across the apical membrane in the small intestine?

A

Glut-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which transporter helps fructose exit the cell?

A

Glut-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is there no water transport across the cell with fructose transport?

A

No Na involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are polymers of amino acids linked together by?

A

Peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What enzymes hydrolyse peptide bonds in proteins?

A

Proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What enzymes hydrolyse peptide bonds in peptides?

A

Peptidases

31
Q

Where does an endopeptidase work?

A

On an amino acid in the interior of the protein

32
Q

Where does an exopeptidase work?

A

On a terminal amino acid on a protein

33
Q

What is essential for transport of an amino acid entering a cell?

A

Na

34
Q

Is sodium dependent for an amino acid leaving a cell?

A

No

35
Q

What kind of peptides does PepT1 transport?

A

Di- and tripeptides

36
Q

What is almost all ingested fat in the form of?

A

Triacyglycerol

37
Q

Where does fat digestion take place and by what??

A

Small intestine

Pancreatic lipase

38
Q

What is glucose transport dependent on?

A

Na-K ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)

39
Q

What molecule is the primary driver for water uptake in the water?

A

Glucose

40
Q

How is protein transported across membranes?

A

Proton-coupled transport through PepT1 - dipeptide goes in with H ion, H ion recycled using

41
Q

What takes one sodium ion in as it ejects one hydrogen ion? (protein transport)

A

NHE3

42
Q

Lipase is water-soluble - true or false?

A

True

43
Q

Triacylglycerols are water-soluble - true or false?

A

False

44
Q

What are the fatty tails that make up tricylglycerol?

A

Stearic acid x 3

45
Q

What digests fat?

A

Pancreatic lipase

46
Q

Why is digestion of fat slow?

A

Lipase only acts on outside of tricylglycerol as it is water-soluble and tricylglycerol is insoluble

47
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Dividing large lipid droplets into smaller droplets

48
Q

Why is emulsification important?

A

Increases surface area and accessibility to lipase action

49
Q

What is an emulsifying agent?

A

Prevents small droplets reforming into large droplets

50
Q

How does emulsification work in the stomach?

A

Mechanical disruption of large lipid droplets into small droplets

51
Q

What are the emulsifying agents?

A

Bile salts and other phospholipids

52
Q

What type of molecules are bile salts and other phospholipids?

A

Amphiphatic molecules

53
Q

What are amphiphatic molecules?

A

Lipid molecules in cell membranes have a hydrophilic or polar end and a hydrophobic or nonpolar end

54
Q

What do micelles do?

A

It is a transporter, gets lipids close to enough to help them through membrane

55
Q

What are micelles made up of?

A

Bile salt + monoglycerides + fatty acids + phospholipids

56
Q

Are micelles absorbed?

A

No - they are relatively big

57
Q

What happens after the fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelial cells?

A

Enter smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) where they are reformed into triacylglycerols

58
Q

What happens to the triacylglycerol droplets in epithelial cell?

A

Transported through cell in vesicles, processed through Golgi apparatus and exocytosed into extracellular fluid at serial membrane

59
Q

What are the extracellular fat droplets called?

A

Chylomicrons

60
Q

What do chylomicrons pass into?

A

Lacteals

61
Q

Where are lacteals?

A

Between endothelial cells

62
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

63
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

B group, C and folic acid

64
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Either absorbed by passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport

65
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Binds to intrinsic factor in stomach to form complex which is absorbed via specific transport mechanism in distal ileum

66
Q

What happens if you have B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia

67
Q

How much daily ingested iron is absorbed across intestine into blood?

A

10%

68
Q

What is the transporter for iron?

A

DMT1

69
Q

What are iron ions incorporated into in duodenal enterocytes?

A

Ferritin

70
Q

What does iron in blood bind to?

A

Transferrin

71
Q

What does it mean for iron in hyperaemia?

A

Increased ferritin levels -> more iron bound in enterocytes

72
Q

What does it mean for iron in anaemia?

A

Decreased ferritin levels -> more iron released to blood

73
Q

What is vitamin B12 critical in?

A

Maturation of RBCs

74
Q

What colour is faeces in excess iron?

A

Black

GI (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions