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GI > GI Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

GI Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major lobes of the liver?

A

Right and left

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2
Q

What are the 2 minor lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate and quadrate

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3
Q

What do the common hepatic duct and cystic duct join to form?

A

Common bile duct

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4
Q

What is the ampulla of Vater formed from?

A

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct

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5
Q

Where is the ampulla of Vater located?

A

Major duodenal pailla (Sphincter of Oddi)

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6
Q

Which lobe of the liver is largest?

A

Right lobe

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7
Q

What is the ligament between the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

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8
Q

What is at the bottom of the falciform ligament?

A

Round ligament

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9
Q

Which is more superior: caudate or quadrate lobe?

A

Quadrate lobe

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10
Q

Which vessel in next to the bare area?

A

IVC

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11
Q

What surrounds the bare area?

A

Coronary ligament

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12
Q

What divides the liver into hexagonal lobules?

A

Septa

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13
Q

What is located at each corner of hexagonal lobule?

A

Portal triad

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14
Q

What is in the centre of each hexagonal lobule?

A

Central vein

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15
Q

Where do the central veins drain?

A

Hepatic veins -> IVC

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16
Q

What radiates out from central veins?

A

Hepatic cords

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17
Q

What are hepatic cords composed of?

A

Hepatocytes

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18
Q

Where are hepatocytes found?

A

Hepatic cords

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19
Q

What are the spaces between hepatic cords called?

A

Hepatic sinusoids

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20
Q

What lies between cells within each hepatic cord?

A

Bile canaliculus

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21
Q

What do bile canaliculi do?

A

Thin tubes which collect bile secreted by hepatocytes, merge and eventually form common hepatic duct

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22
Q

What are the 6 components of bile?

A 
Bile acids
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
Toxic metals
Bicarbonate
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23
Q

What is bicarbonate secreted by?

A

Duct cells

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24
Q

What do bile acids, lecithin and cholesterol do?

A

Solubilise fat

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25
Q

What does bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralisation of acid chyme when it enters duodenum

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26
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown product of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

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27
Q

What happens to bilirubin?

A

Extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

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28
Q

Why is it faeces are brown?

A

Bilirubin modified by bacterial enzymes into brown pigments

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29
Q

What happens to reabsorbed bilirubin?

A

Excreted in urine (yellow urine)

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30
Q

What happens to bile acids before secretion?

A

Bile acids conjugated with glycine or taurine into bile salts (increase solubility)

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31
Q

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the gall bladder?

A

Mucosa (rugae)
Muscularis
Serosa

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32
Q

What controls the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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33
Q

What happens when the Sphincter of Oddi is contracted (closed)?

A

Bile forced back into gallbladder

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34
Q

What is CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin

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35
Q

How does CCK affect the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

Fat in duodenum = release of CCK

CCK -> relaxes Sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder contracts

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36
Q

How long is the small intestine approx?

A

6m

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37
Q

What are the main roles of the duodenum?

A

Gastric acid neutralisation
Digestion
Iron absorption

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38
Q

What is the main role of the jejunum?

A

Nutrient absorption

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39
Q

What is the main role of the ileum?

A

NaCl/H2O absorption

Chyme dehydration

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40
Q

What enhances the surface area of the small intestine?

A

Circular folds (plicae)
Villi
Microvilli

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41
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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42
Q

What other feature does the small intestine apparent from villi?

A

Goblet cells

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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43
Q

What do the villus cells absorb?

A 
NaCl
Monosaccharides
Peptides
Amino acids
Fats
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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44
Q

What do the crypt cells in the small intestine do?

A

Secretes Cl and water

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45
Q

How much water does the small intestine secrete per day?

A

1500ml H2O per day

46
Q

Where does the H2O secretion in the small intestine come from?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

47
Q

How/why is H2O secreted in the small intestine?

A

Secreted passively as a consequence of active secretion of chloride into intestinal lumen

48
Q

Why is H2O secretion important for normal digestive processes?

A

Maintains luminal contents in liquid state
Promotes mixing of nutrients with digestive enzymes
Aids nutrient presentation to absorbing surface
Dilutes and washes away potential injurious substances

49
Q

Why happens to the water that is excreted by the crypts?

A

Normally reabsorbed by villi

50
Q

What is the transporter than transports Cl into the epithelial cells in the small intestine?

A

Na-Cl-K transporter

51
Q

What is the channel called that helps Cl out of the epithelial cells in the small intestine?

A

CFTR channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)

52
Q

What happens in CF to CFTR?

A

No CFTR, chloride trapped in cells, no water pushed out either

53
Q

What does adenylate cyclase do?

A

Converts ATP to cAMP

54
Q

What are the two distinct types of movement in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

Peristalsis

55
Q

What occurs during segmentation in the small intestine?

A

Contraction and relaxation of short intestinal segments

Mixing of chyme with digestive enzymes

56
Q

What does segmentation do in the small intestine?

A

Contraction moves chyme into adjacent areas of relaxation, relaxed areas then contrast and push chyme back = provides thorough mixing of contents with digestive enzymes

57
Q

How are segmental contractions in the small intestine initiated?

A

Depolarisation generated by pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer (by intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER))

58
Q

What is BER?

A

Basic electrical rhythm

59
Q

What determines the frequency of segmentation?

A

BER

60
Q

What happens to BER as you move down the intestine?

A

It decreases

61
Q

What type of innervation increases contraction in the small intestine?

A

Parasympathetic NS (vagus)

62
Q

What type of innervation decreases contraction in the small intestine?

A

Sympathetic NS

63
Q

Does the autonomic NS have an effect on BER?

A

No

64
Q

When does peristalsis occur?

A

After segmentation has stopped and the following the absorption of nutrients

65
Q

What does MMC stand for?

A

Migrating motility complex (MMC)

66
Q

What is MMC?

A

Pattern of peristaltic activity travelling down small intestine, as one MMC ends another begins

67
Q

When does MMC finish and segmentation begin?

A

Arrival of food in the stomach

68
Q

What does MMC act to do?

A

Move undigested material into large intestine

Limit bacterial colonisation of small intestine

69
Q

What hormone is involved in the initiation of MMC?

A

Motilin

70
Q

If the intestinal smooth muscle is distended by a bolus of chyme, what is the muscle on either side doing?

A

Muscle on oral side = contracts

Muscle on anal side = relaxes

71
Q

What is the movement of muscle on either side of the bolus of chyme mediated by?

A

Neurons in myenteric plexus

72
Q

How does gastric emptying affect segmentation activity in the ileum?

A

Gastric emptying = increase in segmentation activity in ileum

73
Q

How else does gastric emptying affect the bowels?

A

Opening of ileocaecal valve (sphincter)
Entry of chyme into large intestine
Distention of colon
Reflex contraction of ileocaecal sphincter which prevents backflux into small intestine

74
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine?

A

Ileum -> ileocaecal valve -> caecum -> appendix

75
Q

Which layer of muscle is incomplete in the large intestine?

A

Longitudinal muscle

76
Q

What are the three bands that extend the entire length of the colon?

A

Teniae coli

77
Q

What do the contractions of tenure coli produce?

A

Haustra (pouches)

78
Q

What is the epithelium of the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with large straight crypts lined with large number of goblet cells

79
Q

What do the goblets cells of the large intestine provide?

A

Lubrication for movement of faeces

80
Q

What is the epithelium of the rectum?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

81
Q

What is thicker in the rectum?

A

Muscularis externa

82
Q

What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter and what is controlled by?

A

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

83
Q

What is the epithelium of the anal canal?

A

Simple columnar -> stratified squamous

84
Q

How does the large intestine absorb water?

A

Osmotically as it actively transports sodium from lumen into blood

85
Q

Why does the large intestine absorb water?

A

To dehydrate the chyme into solid faecal pellets

86
Q

What happens due to the long residence time in the colon?

A

Bacterial colonisation

87
Q

What is found in the large intestine?

A

Short chain fatty acids, vitamin K, gas (nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulphate)

88
Q

What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter and what is it controlled by?

A

Smooth muscle under autonomic control

89
Q

What is the urge to defaecate caused by?

A

Defaecation reflex caused by distention of rectal wall produced by MMC of faecal material into the rectum -> mechnoceptors cause defaecation reflex

90
Q

What innervation is the defaecation reflex controlled by?

A

Parasympathetic control via pelvic splanchnic nerves

91
Q

What are associated symptoms of constipation?

A

Headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal distention

92
Q

How does enterotoxigenic bacteria (E.coli) cause diarrhoea?

A

Produce protein enterotoxins which maximally turn on intestinal chloride secretion from crypt cells and increase H20 secretion

93
Q

How do enterotoxigenic bacteria maximally turn on intestinal chloride secretion?

A

Act by elevating intracellular second messengers e.g. cAMP, cGMP, calcium

94
Q

How do you treat secretory diarrhoea?

A

Oral rehydration therapy

95
Q

How does oral rehydration therapy work for diarrhoea?

A

Enterotoxins don’t damage villous cells, give sodium/glucose solution which drives H2O reabsorption and rehydrates, need to drink more to wash away infection

96
Q

What is the epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

97
Q

What are the features of oesophagus histology?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
Submucosa shows mucous glands
Muscular layers - upper 1/3 skeletal, middle 1/3 smooth, lower 1/3 smooth

98
Q

What are the features of stomach histology?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Parietal cells (stain pink)
Chief cells at base of gland
Gastric glands in mucosa (above mucosae)

99
Q

What are the features of small intestine histology?

A

Villi
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Lymphoid aggregations = Peyer’s patches

100
Q

What are the specific features of duodenum histology?

A

Brunner’s glands in submucosa

101
Q

What are the specific features of ileum histology?

A

Villi

Peyer’s patches (large purple blobs)

102
Q

What are Paneth cells for and where are they found?

A

Immune response

Small intestine

103
Q

What are the features of large intestine histology?

A 
Thick mucosa
Crypts
Mucous secreting cells
No villi
Tenia coli
104
Q

Which part of the pancreas is the endocrine part and is there acini?

A

Islets of Langerhans

No acini

105
Q

Are there acini in the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A

Yes

106
Q

What are salivary glands made up of?

A

Secretory acini and ducts

107
Q

What are the two types of secretions from the salivary glands?

A

Serous and mucous

108
Q

Which salivary gland has mainly mucous acini?

A

Sublingual gland

109
Q

Which salivary gland has mainly serous acini?

A

Parotid gland

110
Q

Which salivary gland has a mix of both mucous and serous acini?

A

Submandibular gland

111
Q

Which type of acini secretes more lightly coloured?

A

Mucous acini

GI (6 decks)

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