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GI > GI Embryology > Flashcards

GI Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What gene is a transcription factor for establishing left sidedness?

A

PTX2

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2
Q

Which week does the trimlaminar germ disk form?

A

Week 3

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3
Q

What are the three phases of embryonic development?

A

Growth/proliferation
Morphogenesis
Differentiation

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4
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc converted into trilaminar disc

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5
Q

What is formed from embryonic ectoderm?

A

Skin, CNS, PNS, epithelia of eye/ear/nose, liver, adrenal medulla

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6
Q

What is formed from embryonic endoderm?

A

Epithelial lining of reproductive system, GIT, glands, liver, pancreas, thyroi, bladder etc.

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7
Q

What is formed from embryonic mesoderm?

A

Muscle, bones, cartilage, dermis, vascular system, urogenital system except bladder, spleen, suprarenal gland cortex

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8
Q

What mesoderms arise from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Parietal and visceral mesoderm

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9
Q

What weeks does the gut tube form in?

A

Week 3 + 4

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10
Q

What is the gut tube closed by at the cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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11
Q

What is the gut tube closed by at the caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

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12
Q

What does the foregut develop from?

A

Cranial part of the primitive gut tube

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13
Q

What structure develops from the ventral wall of the foregut?

A

Laryngo-tracheal diverticulum (lung bud)

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14
Q

What divides the foregut tube into the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Tracheo-esophageal septum

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15
Q

In what week does the foregut dilate to form the stomach?

A

4th week

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16
Q

What rotation does the stomach undergo around its own longitudinal axis?

A

90’

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17
Q

What is the final rotation the stomach undergoes to create the final position?

A

Anterio-posterior rotation

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18
Q

What is the stomach attached to both the dorsal and ventral wall by?

A

Mesogastrium

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19
Q

What is the duodenum formed from?

A

Caudal part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut

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20
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum?

A

Coeliac trunk and SMA

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21
Q

What shape does the duodenum become as the stomach rotates?

A

C-shaped

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22
Q

When does the liver bud appear?

A

Middle of 3rd week

23
Q

What does the liver bud grow into?

A

Septum transversum

24
Q

What does the liver bud develop from?

A

Outgrowth of endoderm in distal end of foregut

25
Q

What does the connection between the liver bud and foregut narrow to form?

A

Bile duct

26
Q

What does the ventral outgrowth from the bile duct form?

A

Gall bladder and cystic duct

27
Q

During which week does a mesenchymal condensation develop into the spleen?

A

5th week

28
Q

What is a spleen a derivative of?

A

Mesoderm

29
Q

Up until which week does the spleen act as a haemopoietic organ?

A

Week 14

30
Q

During weeks 15-17, what is the spleen colonised by?

A

T-lymphocytes

31
Q

During which week do B-cell precursors arrive at the spleen?

A

Week 23

32
Q

At what week can the spleen start its lymphoid function and why?

A

Week 23 - B-cell precursors arrive

33
Q

How many buds does the pancreas grow from?

A

2

34
Q

What does the pancreas grow from and when?

A

Endodermal lining of the duodenum

Week 5

35
Q

What can result if there is incomplete separation of the laryngo-tracheal tube?

A

Esophageal atresia

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

36
Q

What happens if the ventral bud fails to migrate around the duodenum properly?

A

Annular pancreas

37
Q

What might happen if there is an annular pancreas?

A

Duodenal stenosis

38
Q

What does development of the midgut involve?

A

Rapid elongation of the gut tube = primary intestinal loop

39
Q

What does the cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop become?

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum and proximal ileum

40
Q

What does the caudal part of the primary intestinal loop become?

A

Distal ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3rds transverse colon

41
Q

When does rotation of the midgut begin?

A

6th week

42
Q

Where does initial rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur and how does it rotate?

A

Around the axis of the SMA

90’ anti-clockwise

43
Q

What else happens to the midgut apart from initial rotation?

A

Physiological herniation

44
Q

Where does the midgut herniate?

A

Into the extraembryonic cavity in the umbilical cord

45
Q

When does the intestinal loop move from the umbilical cord back into the abdominal cavity?

A

10th week

46
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring and failure of retraction of umbilical ring

47
Q

What is gastrochisis?

A

Herniation of abdominal contents directly through body wall into amniotic habit and not covered by peritoneum/amnion
Through weak area right of umbilicus

48
Q

What does vitelline duct form?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

49
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum a remnant of?

A

Vitelline duct

50
Q

What does the endoderm of the hindgut also form?

A

Bladder and urthra lining

51
Q

What does the terminal portion of the hindgut join with?

A

Posterior part of the cloaca

52
Q

What does the allantois enter?

A

Anterior part of the cloaca

53
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm at its ventral boundary

54
Q

What can be a result of incomplete separation of the hindgut from the urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum?

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectoanal fistula
Imperforate anus

GI (6 decks)

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