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GI > GI Anatomy (&Structure/Function/Histology) > Flashcards

GI Anatomy (&Structure/Function/Histology) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominis

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2
Q

What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?

A

Superior: diaphragm
Posterior: vertebral column
Inferior: pelvic floor
Anterior: abdominal wall

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3
Q

Levels of the abdominal aorta?

A

T12-L4

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4
Q

What is the fibrous band that goes the length of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Linea alba

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5
Q

Name the retroperitoneal structures

A

Suprarenal glands, aorta & IVC, duodenum (2+3), pancreas, ureter, colon (ascending+descending), kidneys, oesophagus, rectum

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6
Q

What are the greater and lesser sacs connected by?

A

Epiploic foramen

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7
Q

Where does the greater omentum go from and to?

A

From greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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8
Q

Where does the lesser omentum go from and to?

A

From the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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9
Q

What vertebral level does the celiac trunk arise from?

A

T12

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10
Q

What vertebral level does the SMA arise from?

A

L1

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11
Q

What vertebral level does the IMA arise from?

A

L3

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12
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls discharge of stomach contents

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13
Q

Name the stomach bed components

A

Diaphragm, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse colon

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14
Q

Name the components of the portal triad

A

Bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery

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15
Q

What ribs does the liver lie deep to?

A

7-11

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16
Q

Where is the Triangle of Calot?

A

Between the common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of the liver

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17
Q

What is formed behind the neck of the pancreas?

A

Portal vein

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18
Q

What ribs is the spleen related to?

A

9-11

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19
Q

What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, splenic artery

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20
Q

Where does the splenic artery run?

A

Retroperitoneally along the superior edge of the pancreas

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21
Q

Where does the left gastric artery run?

A

Along the lesser curvature of the stomach

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22
Q

What is the shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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23
Q

Where does bile enter the duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla (Ampulla of Vater)

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24
Q

What crosses the SMA anteriorly?

A

Splenic vein and neck of pancreas

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25
Q

What features distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

Haustra (sacculations), omental appendices, teniae coli

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26
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocecal

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27
Q

What is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis?

A

Macburney’s point

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28
Q

What is the terminal branch of the IMA?

A

Superior rectal artery

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29
Q

Where is the recto-sigmoid junction?

A

Anterior to S3 vertebra

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30
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3+4)

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31
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves, prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and abdominal aortic plexus

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32
Q

What forms the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

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33
Q

Where is the portal vein?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)

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34
Q

What are portocaval shunts?

A

Venous enlargements (varices) during portal obstruction

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35
Q

Where are the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Anorectal junction, gastroesophageal junction, around the umbilicus

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36
Q

Where receives most of the lymph from the abdominal wall and organs?

A

Thoracic duct

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37
Q

What are the three terminal groups of the lumbar nodes?

A

Pre-aortic, lateral aortic, retro-aortic

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38
Q

What do the pre-aortic lumbar nodes drain?

A

Celiac, SMA and IMA nodes (organs supplied by anterior branches of the aorta)

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39
Q

What do the lateral aortic lumbar nodes drain?

A

Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

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40
Q

What do the retro-aortic lumbar nodes drain?

A

Posterior abdominal wall

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41
Q

What are the four distinct layers of the gut tube?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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42
Q

What makes up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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43
Q

What are the two layers of muscle in the muscularis mucosae?

A

Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer

44
Q

What type of epithelium is in the mouth, oesophagus and anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous

45
Q

What type of epithelium is in the stomach, small and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

46
Q

What is the connective tissue on the outside of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Adventitia

47
Q

What is the connective tissue on the inside of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Serosa

48
Q

What does the inner circular layer of muscle do?

A

Constricts lumen

49
Q

What does the outer longitudinal layer of muscle do?

A

Shortens tube

50
Q

Which layer of muscle constricts the gut tube?

A

Inner circular

51
Q

Which layer of muscle shortens the gut tube?

A

Outer longitudinal

52
Q

What is the nerve plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

53
Q

What makes up the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexuses

54
Q

Which part of autonomic control gives long reflexes?

A

Parasympathetic

55
Q

Which part of autonomic control gives short reflexes?

A

Enteric nervous system

56
Q

What type of control is the vagus nerve?

A

Parasympathetic

57
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Increases secretion and increases motility

58
Q

Which nerve increases secretion and increases motility?

A

Vagus nerve

59
Q

Where does sympathetic control come from?

A

Splanchnic nerve

60
Q

What do the splanchnic nerves do?

A

Decrease secretion and decrease motility

61
Q

What nerves decrease secretion and decrease motilty?

A

Splanchnic nerves

62
Q

Where does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Foregut (stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver)

63
Q

Where does the SMA supply?

A

Midgut (small intestine, caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon 2/3rds)

64
Q

Where does the IMA supply?

A

Hindgut (transverse colon 1/3rd, sigmoid colon, rectum)

65
Q

Where does the pancreas drain to?

A

Splenic vein

66
Q

Where does the stomach drain to?

A

Gastric veins

67
Q

Where do the SMV and IMV drain to?

A

Hepatic portal vein

68
Q

How long is the oesophagus approximately?

A

25cm

69
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin and end?

A

Begins at lower level of cricoid cartilage (C6)

Terminates at T11-12 where is enters the stomach

70
Q

What kind of muscle is the oesophagus?

A

Upper 3-4cm = striated muscle

Remainder = smooth muscle

71
Q

What is epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

72
Q

What is peristalsis and relaxation of the LOS mediated by (nerve)?

A

Vagus nerve

73
Q

How long is the small bowel approximately?

A

6m

74
Q

How is the 1st part of the duodenum peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

75
Q

What is the large bowel divided into?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
76
Q

Which parts of the large bowel are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending and descending colon

77
Q

How is the last 1/3 of the rectum peritonised?

A

Extraperitoneal

78
Q

What are the 3 cell types found in the small bowel?

A

Goblet cells
Columnar absorptive cells
Endocrine cells

79
Q

The large bowel has numerous villi - true or false?

A

False

80
Q

What is neural control for peristalsis?

A

Intrinsic (myenteric plexus)

Extrinsic (autonomic innervation)

81
Q

What is the instrinic neural control which mediates peristalsis in the bowels?

A

Myenteric plexus

82
Q

What is the extrinsic neural control which mediates peristalsis in the bowels?

A

Autonomic innervation

83
Q

What is the myenteric plexus made up of?

A

Meissener’s plexus

Auerbach plexus

84
Q

Where is Meissener’s plexus located?

A

Base of the submucosa

85
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus located?

A

Between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layers of the muscular propria

86
Q

What is the dual blood supply to the liver?

A

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

87
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Protein synthesis
Metabolism of fat and carbohydrate
Detoxification of drugs and toxins

88
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus and where are they?

A

Cervical - 15cm from incisor teeth
Thoracic - crossed by rich of arch/left main bronchus
Diaphragmatic - passes through oesophageal hiatus

89
Q

What do the biliary ducts do?

A

Carry bile from liver to gallbladder

90
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

91
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gall bladder

92
Q

What is the artery of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery

93
Q

Where is the cystic artery?

A

In the Triangle of Calot

94
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

95
Q

Which plane does the pancreas lie alone?

A

Transpyloric plane

96
Q

At what level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

97
Q

Which part of the spleen is not covered by peritoneum?

A

Hilum

98
Q

Which is deeper red and more vascular: jejunum or ileum?

A

Jejunum

99
Q

Which is pale pink: jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum

100
Q

Which has few large loops and few lymphoid nodules: jejunum or ileum?

A

Jejunum

101
Q

Which has many short loops and many lymphoid nodules: jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum

102
Q

What are the main branches of the SMA?

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries

103
Q

What are the main branches of the IMA?

A

Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal

104
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

4cm

105
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve, blood/lymphatic vessels

106
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

Round ligament of the uterus, ilioinguinal nerve, blood/lymphatic vessels

GI (6 decks)

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