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MHD > GI Physio + etc. > Flashcards

GI Physio + etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the actions of gastrin?

A
  • Increase gastric H+
  • Increase gastric mucosa growth
  • Increase gastric motility
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2
Q

Describe the physiological cause of achalasia.

A

Death of intramural inhibitory ganglion cells containing NO and VIP

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3
Q

What positively regulates gastrin secretion?

Negatively?

A
  • Positive: increased gastric distension/alkalinization, AAs, peptides, vagal
  • Negative: pH < 1.5
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4
Q

What cells (of what organ) secrete CCK?

A

I cells of duodenum, jejunujm

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5
Q

What’s the function of pepsin?

A

Protein digestion

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6
Q

Give 4 (low yield) examples of bugs that cause WATERY diarrhea, and their unique associations.

A
  1. ETEC (Traveler’s diarrhea)
  2. Vibrio cholera (comma-shaped, a/w rice, no abd pain)
  3. C-diff (pseudomembranous colitis; clindamycin/PCN)
  4. C. perfringens (can cause gangrene)
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7
Q

In what state is motilin increased?

A

Fasting

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8
Q

What cells (of what organ?) release pepsin?

A

Chief cells of the stomach

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9
Q

What cells (of what organ?) release gastric acid?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

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10
Q

What cells (of what organ) secrete secretin?

A

S cells of duodenum

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11
Q

What is the action of somatostatin?

A

Decreases release of all GI hormones

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12
Q

What are the actions of secretin?

A
  • Increase pancreatic bicarb secretion
  • Increase bile secretion
  • Decrease gastric H+
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13
Q

What 2 things release amylase?

A

Salivary glands; pancreas

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14
Q

What are the functions of glucagon?

A
  1. Stimulate glycogenolysis to increase serum glucose

2. Favors gluconeogensis- conversion of amino acids to glucose

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15
Q

Name the bugs that cause food-poisoning, and their associated foods.

A
  1. Vibrio parahemolyticus, vulnificus (seafood, water)
  2. Bacillus cereus (reheated/fried rice)
  3. S. aureus (meat, mayo, custard)
  4. C. perfringens (reheated meat dishes)
  5. C. botulinum (improperly canned foods)
  6. E. coli O157:H7 (undercooked meat)
  7. Salmonella (poultry, eggs, meat)
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16
Q

What cells (of what organ?) release HCO3-?

A

Mucosal cells of the stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas

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17
Q

Where are the following absorbed: Fe, folate, B12, bile acids?

A

Iron: Absorbed as Fe2+ in duodenum

Folate: Jejunum

Vitamin B12: Ileum

Bile Acids: Ileum

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18
Q

What are the actions of NO?

A

Increase smooth muscle relaxation, including LES

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19
Q

What are the 2 phases of swallowing?

What CN’s are important for the 2nd phase?

A
  1. Voluntary phase (striated m.)

2. Pharyngeal stage (CNs V, VII, IX, X, XII)

20
Q

Name some bugs that cause BLOODY diarrhea, and there unique associations.

A
  1. Campylobacter (grows at 42C; Reiter’s syndrome)
  2. Salmonella (lactose-neg, poultry/turtles)
  3. Shigella (lactose-neg, HUS)
  4. EHEC O157:H7 (HUS; undercooked hamburgers)
  5. Enteroinvasive E. coli (contaminated cheese/water)
  6. Yersenia enterocolitica (day-care; pseudoappendicitis)
21
Q

Name the pancreatic proteases

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

22
Q

What are the actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A
  • Increase intestinal water/electrolyte secretion

- Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

23
Q

What positively regulates secretin release?

A

H+, fatty acids in duodenum lumen

24
Q

What organ secretes motilin?

A

Small intestine

25
Q

What positively regulates CCK release?

A

Fatty acids, AAs

26
Q

What cells (of what organ) secrete gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?

A

K cells of the duodenum, jejunum

27
Q

What cells (of what part of the stomach) secrete gastrin?

A

G cells of the antrum

28
Q

What initially activates trypsinogen?

A

Enterokinase/enteropeptidase from brush border enzymes in duodenum
- Active trypsin can go on to activate more trypsinogen

29
Q

What cells (of what organ?) release IF?

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

30
Q

What secretes lipase?

A

Pancreas

31
Q

What are the actions of GIP (think of it as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)?

A
  • Increase insulin

- Decrease gastric H+ (at very high concentrations; this is mainly the job of secretin)

32
Q

What compounds positively regulate gastric acid secretion?

Negatively?

A
  • Positive: histamine, ACh, gastrin

- Negative: somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, secretin

33
Q

What are the actions of motilin?

A

Produces migrating motor complexes

34
Q

What positively regulates pepsin secretion?

A

Vagal stimulation, local acid

35
Q

What cells (of what organ) secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)?

A

Parasympathetic ganglion in sphincters, GB, and small intestine

36
Q

What are the actions of CCK?

A
  • Increase pancreatic secretions
  • Increase GB contractions
  • Decrease gastric emptying
  • Decrease gastric H+
37
Q

How is GIP release positively regulated?

A

Fatty acids, AA’s, and oral glucose

38
Q

What positively regulates somatostatin secretion?

Negatively?

A
  • Positive: acid

- Negative: vagal stimulation

39
Q

What positively regulates VIP secretion?

Negatively?

A
  • Positive: distension and vagal stimulation

- Negative: adrenergic input

40
Q

What cells (of what organ) secrete somatostatin?

A

D cells of pancreatic islets, GI mucosa

41
Q

Describe B12’s path to absorption.

A
  1. Bound to proteins when eaten
  2. Salivary glands secrete R-binder in mouth
  3. B12’s surrounding proteins separated in the stomach by stomach acid/enzymes
  4. B12 binds R-binder in the stomach
  5. Parietal cells secrete IF in the stomach
  6. B12-R-binder complex separated by pancreatic proteases s/p CBD
  7. B12 binds IF
  8. B12-IF complex absorbed in the distal ileum
  9. B12 travels in the blood via transcobalamin
42
Q

What’s another name for nematodes?
Trematodes?
Cestodes?

A

Nematodes: roundworms
Trematodes: flatworms or flukes
Cestodes: segmented tapeworms

43
Q

What’s the name of the raccoon version of Toxocara canis (dog) Toxocara catis (cat), all of which cause larvae migrans?

A

Baylisascaris procyonis

44
Q

What bug has the characteristic football shape w/polar plugs at each end, and also causes rectal prolapse?

What’s the tx?

A

Trichuris trichuria (trichuriasis)

“Playing football gives you trii-trunk anal prolapse and the bends”

Tx: albendazole

45
Q

What’s the name of the bug the NW med students got thru eating snails or seafood that ate snails in Jamaica?

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

  • Causes eosinophilic meningitis
46
Q

Name 2 lymphatic filariasis infection bugs.
What bacterium are they symbiotic w/?
What’s another bug that has the same symbiont?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti (“Witch”), Brugia malayi

– symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria (also w/Onchocerca volvulus)

47
Q

Besides strongyloides, what’s another parasite that can cause autoinfection?

What type of worm is it? (trematode, cestode, nematode)

A

Hymenolepsis nana
(cestode/tapeworm, very small)

“na na, I caused an autoinfection”

  • Acquired by ingestion of ova (human or rodent feces) or flea
  • Clinical: Enteritis may occur with multiplication
  • Diagnosis: Ova in feces

MHD (20 decks)

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