Exam 1 Flashcards
Vinyl chloride:
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Liver
- Angiosarcoma
Nitrosamine (smoked foods):
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Stomach
- Gastric cancer
Asbestos:
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Lung
- Bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma
Arsenic:
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Skin
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Aflatoxin B:
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Liver
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
Naphthalene (analine dyes):
- Organ impacted
- Type of cancer implicated
- Bladder
- Urothelial carcinoma
4 hallmarks of reversible cell injury
- Cellular swelling/ER swelling
- Ribosomes can fall off
- Membrane blebs
- Myelin figures
- Steatosis (fatty change)
Pattern of necrosis w/brain hypoxia/infarct?
Liquefactive
Organ associated w/enzymatic fat necrosis?
Pancreas
also injury to fatty tissue like breast
What does hematoxylin stain? What color?
Stains acidic structures blue (e.g. DNA)
What does eosin stain? What color?
Stains protein pink
What does gram stain stain? What color?
Stains peptidoglycan of “gram-positive” bacteria purple (gram negative often counter-stained pink)
What does PAS stain? What color?
Stains fungi, glycogen magenta (in light pink background)
“Periodic acid-Schiff stain”
What does GMS stain? What color?
Stains fungi black (in bright green background)
“Grocott’s methenamine silver stain”
What does acid fast stain? What color?
Stains mycobacteria, actinomyces red (in blue background)
What does immunohistochemistry stain? What color?
Stains AB-bound brown/red (in blue background)
What protein is critical in changing a leukocytes cellular architecture to follow a chemoattractant?
Actin
After NADPH oxidase, what does myeloperoxidase (MPO from lysosomes) form in the phagocytic vacuole?
Bleach (HOCl)
Sarcoidosis and IBD are associated w/what type of inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation (chronic) - Central portion caseating/necrotizing
Cell layers of granuloma, from inside out:
- Antigen/necrosis/debris
- Giant cells + epithelioid histiocytes (+ DCs)
- CD3+/CD4+ T cells (+ NK cells, B cells)
- Fibroblasts (wall it off)
What does the sed rate (ESR) measure and how?
Measures chronic inflammation:
Ig(G) and fibrinogen coat erythrocytes, which then fall faster through a column of plasma
(phasing out cuz can’t differentiate from cancer, aging, etc.)
2 ptns elevated w/acute inflammation?
- CRP
- Serum amyloid A
3 ptns elevated w/chronic inflammation?
- C3
- Fibrinogen
- Haptoglobin
2 ptns decreased w/chronic inflammation?
- Albumin
- Transferrin
What does trichrome stain? What color?
Stains mature dense/collagen blue (in red background)
3 characteristics that make a neoplasia?
- Up-regulated
- Irreversible
- Monoclonal
What is the name of a benign lymphocyte cancer?
Does not exist (only lymphoma/leukemia)
Intermediate filament keratin is found in what tissue type?
Epithelium
Intermediate filament vimentin is found in what tissue type?
Mesenchyme
Intermediate filament desmin is found in what tissue type?
Muscle
Intermediate filament GFAP is found in what tissue type?
Neuroglia
Intermediate filament neurofilament is found in what tissue type?
Neurons
What nutrient is a cofactor for collagenase?
Zinc
- Deficiency causes: inadequate intake, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, and inflammatory disease
What nutrient is a cofactor for lysyl oxidase?
Copper
Where does fluid from edema leak into? (choose all correct answers)
- Cells
- ISF
- Body cavities
2 & 3
What is an eg of a heritable hypercoagulable state?
Protein C deficiency
Define hemothorax.
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
3 origins of neoplastic parenchymal cells?
- Epithelial
- Mesenchymal
- Neuroectodermal
Difference b/w lymphoma and leukemia?
What is unique about these types of cancers?
- Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
- Leukemia: malignant tumor of hematopoietic cells
(neither can ever be benign)
Benign squamous cell cancer name?
Squamous papilloma
3 characteristics of nuclei of malignant neoplasm cells?
- High N/C ratio
- Hyperchromatic
- Prominent nucleoli
What are tumor associated markers valuable for detecting?
Give 2 eg’s
- More valuable for detecting recurrence of disease rather than primary diagnosis
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Define “paraneoplastic syndrome”
Symptom complexes that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread
- What kind of gene is RAS?
- What protein does it encode/how does it work?
- 2 tumors associated w/RAS mutations?
- Proto-oncogene (most common in humans)
- GTPase; growth factors bind receptor, P’late ras, goes to nucleus and promote cell cycle progression until ras (normally) cleaves itself w/ its GTPase.
- Colon and pancreatic carcinoma
- What kind of gene is Rb?
- What protein does it encode/how does it work?
- 2 tumors associated w/Rb mutations?
- TSG
- Rb normally inhibits E2F, but when mutated, E2F goes to nucleus and promotes G1 -> S transition
- Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
“Governor of cell cycle”
- What kind of gene is p53?
- What protein does it encode/how does it work?
- 2 tumors associated w/p53 mutations?
- TSG
- p53 normally activates CDK-inhibitors, but can’t when mutated, thus allowing G1 -> S transition
- Most common cancers, Li Fraumeni syndrome
“Guardian of the genome”
What are the 3 cellular responses that p53 can lead to in response to stress?
- Quiescence - temporary
- Senescence - permanent
- Apoptosis
(*not talking about oncogenes or TSGs)
- What are 2 anti-apoptotic genes we should know?
- What are 2 pro-apoptotic genes we should know?
- Anti: Bcl-2, Bcl-XL
- Pro: BAX, BAK
What happens if BCL-2 is activated by translocation?
- Perpetuation of “anti-apoptosis”
- Follicular B-cell lymphoma.
- t(14;18) translocation b/w heavy chain (14) and bcl-2 (18)
What is a “promotor” cmpd, w/r/t carcinogenicity?
Compounds, themselves nontumorigenic, which facilitate the induction of cell proliferation (clonal proliferation)
- What’s the only know carcinogenic RNA-virus?
* What type of cancer does it cause?
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1)
- T cell leukemia/lymphoma
- What are 3 known carcinogenic DNA-viruses?
* What type of cancer do each of them cause?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Benign warts, cervical cancer
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
- Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Hepatitis B and C virus
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- What’s the only known bacterial carcinogen?
* What type of cancer can it cause?
Helicobacter pylori
- Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma
