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MHD > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vinyl chloride:

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Liver

- Angiosarcoma

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2
Q

Nitrosamine (smoked foods):

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Stomach

- Gastric cancer

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3
Q

Asbestos:

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Lung

- Bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma

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4
Q

Arsenic:

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Skin

- Squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

Aflatoxin B:

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Liver

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

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6
Q

Naphthalene (analine dyes):

  • Organ impacted
  • Type of cancer implicated
A
  • Bladder

- Urothelial carcinoma

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7
Q

4 hallmarks of reversible cell injury

A
  1. Cellular swelling/ER swelling
    • Ribosomes can fall off
  2. Membrane blebs
  3. Myelin figures
  4. Steatosis (fatty change)
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8
Q

Pattern of necrosis w/brain hypoxia/infarct?

A

Liquefactive

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9
Q

Organ associated w/enzymatic fat necrosis?

A

Pancreas

also injury to fatty tissue like breast

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10
Q

What does hematoxylin stain? What color?

A

Stains acidic structures blue (e.g. DNA)

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11
Q

What does eosin stain? What color?

A

Stains protein pink

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12
Q

What does gram stain stain? What color?

A

Stains peptidoglycan of “gram-positive” bacteria purple (gram negative often counter-stained pink)

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13
Q

What does PAS stain? What color?

A

Stains fungi, glycogen magenta (in light pink background)

“Periodic acid-Schiff stain”

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14
Q

What does GMS stain? What color?

A

Stains fungi black (in bright green background)

“Grocott’s methenamine silver stain”

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15
Q

What does acid fast stain? What color?

A

Stains mycobacteria, actinomyces red (in blue background)

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16
Q

What does immunohistochemistry stain? What color?

A

Stains AB-bound brown/red (in blue background)

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17
Q

What protein is critical in changing a leukocytes cellular architecture to follow a chemoattractant?

A

Actin

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18
Q

After NADPH oxidase, what does myeloperoxidase (MPO from lysosomes) form in the phagocytic vacuole?

A

Bleach (HOCl)

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19
Q

Sarcoidosis and IBD are associated w/what type of inflammation?

A 
Granulomatous inflammation (chronic)
- Central portion caseating/necrotizing
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20
Q

Cell layers of granuloma, from inside out:

A
  1. Antigen/necrosis/debris
  2. Giant cells + epithelioid histiocytes (+ DCs)
  3. CD3+/CD4+ T cells (+ NK cells, B cells)
  4. Fibroblasts (wall it off)
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21
Q

What does the sed rate (ESR) measure and how?

A

Measures chronic inflammation:
Ig(G) and fibrinogen coat erythrocytes, which then fall faster through a column of plasma

(phasing out cuz can’t differentiate from cancer, aging, etc.)

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22
Q

2 ptns elevated w/acute inflammation?

A
  • CRP

- Serum amyloid A

23
Q

3 ptns elevated w/chronic inflammation?

A
  • C3
  • Fibrinogen
  • Haptoglobin
24
Q

2 ptns decreased w/chronic inflammation?

A
  • Albumin

- Transferrin

25
Q

What does trichrome stain? What color?

A

Stains mature dense/collagen blue (in red background)

26
Q

3 characteristics that make a neoplasia?

A
  • Up-regulated
  • Irreversible
  • Monoclonal
27
Q

What is the name of a benign lymphocyte cancer?

A

Does not exist (only lymphoma/leukemia)

28
Q

Intermediate filament keratin is found in what tissue type?

A

Epithelium

29
Q

Intermediate filament vimentin is found in what tissue type?

A

Mesenchyme

30
Q

Intermediate filament desmin is found in what tissue type?

A

Muscle

31
Q

Intermediate filament GFAP is found in what tissue type?

A

Neuroglia

32
Q

Intermediate filament neurofilament is found in what tissue type?

A

Neurons

33
Q

What nutrient is a cofactor for collagenase?

A

Zinc

- Deficiency causes: inadequate intake, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, and inflammatory disease

34
Q

What nutrient is a cofactor for lysyl oxidase?

A

Copper

35
Q

Where does fluid from edema leak into? (choose all correct answers)

  1. Cells
  2. ISF
  3. Body cavities
A

2 & 3

36
Q

What is an eg of a heritable hypercoagulable state?

A

Protein C deficiency

37
Q

Define hemothorax.

A

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.

38
Q

3 origins of neoplastic parenchymal cells?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Mesenchymal
  • Neuroectodermal
39
Q

Difference b/w lymphoma and leukemia?

What is unique about these types of cancers?

A
  • Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
  • Leukemia: malignant tumor of hematopoietic cells

(neither can ever be benign)

40
Q

Benign squamous cell cancer name?

A

Squamous papilloma

41
Q

3 characteristics of nuclei of malignant neoplasm cells?

A
  • High N/C ratio
  • Hyperchromatic
  • Prominent nucleoli
42
Q

What are tumor associated markers valuable for detecting?

Give 2 eg’s

A
  • More valuable for detecting recurrence of disease rather than primary diagnosis

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

43
Q

Define “paraneoplastic syndrome”

A

Symptom complexes that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread

44
Q
  • What kind of gene is RAS?
  • What protein does it encode/how does it work?
  • 2 tumors associated w/RAS mutations?
A
  • Proto-oncogene (most common in humans)
  • GTPase; growth factors bind receptor, P’late ras, goes to nucleus and promote cell cycle progression until ras (normally) cleaves itself w/ its GTPase.
  • Colon and pancreatic carcinoma
45
Q
  • What kind of gene is Rb?
  • What protein does it encode/how does it work?
  • 2 tumors associated w/Rb mutations?
A
  • TSG
  • Rb normally inhibits E2F, but when mutated, E2F goes to nucleus and promotes G1 -> S transition
  • Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

“Governor of cell cycle”

46
Q
  • What kind of gene is p53?
  • What protein does it encode/how does it work?
  • 2 tumors associated w/p53 mutations?
A
  • TSG
  • p53 normally activates CDK-inhibitors, but can’t when mutated, thus allowing G1 -> S transition
  • Most common cancers, Li Fraumeni syndrome

“Guardian of the genome”

47
Q

What are the 3 cellular responses that p53 can lead to in response to stress?

A
  1. Quiescence - temporary
  2. Senescence - permanent
  3. Apoptosis
48
Q

(*not talking about oncogenes or TSGs)

  • What are 2 anti-apoptotic genes we should know?
  • What are 2 pro-apoptotic genes we should know?
A
  • Anti: Bcl-2, Bcl-XL

- Pro: BAX, BAK

49
Q

What happens if BCL-2 is activated by translocation?

A
  • Perpetuation of “anti-apoptosis”
  • Follicular B-cell lymphoma.
  • t(14;18) translocation b/w heavy chain (14) and bcl-2 (18)
50
Q

What is a “promotor” cmpd, w/r/t carcinogenicity?

A

Compounds, themselves nontumorigenic, which facilitate the induction of cell proliferation (clonal proliferation)

51
Q
  • What’s the only know carcinogenic RNA-virus?

* What type of cancer does it cause?

A

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1)

- T cell leukemia/lymphoma

52
Q
  • What are 3 known carcinogenic DNA-viruses?

* What type of cancer do each of them cause?

A 
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Benign warts, cervical cancer

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
- Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Hepatitis B and C virus
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma

53
Q
  • What’s the only known bacterial carcinogen?

* What type of cancer can it cause?

A

Helicobacter pylori

- Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma

MHD (20 decks)

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