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Practice Topics Exam 5 > GI Phys 1: Intro to GI System > Flashcards

GI Phys 1: Intro to GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

regulation that utilizes the blood to send widespread signals throughout the body

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2
Q

Paracrine

A

regulation that targets cells in close proximity (neighboring cells) and results in a more localized effect

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3
Q

Neurocrine

A

regulation that occurs when neurons innervate endocrine, vascular, or muscle cells and modulate their function

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4
Q

localized communication and signaling occurs with which regulators

A

paracrine regulators

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5
Q

4 key features of the ENS

A

1) branch of ANS
2) 100 million neurons (= to SC)
3) located entirely in GI
4) regulated by local stimuli and PNS/SNS

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6
Q

ENS stands for

A

enteric nervous system

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7
Q

all cell bodies of the ENS are where?

A

all cell bodies of the ENS are within the GI tract.

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8
Q

define gut-brain axis

A

communication between ENS and CNS

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9
Q

PNS efferents 3 functions

A

stimulate motility
stimulate secretions
vasodilation

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10
Q

SNS efferents 3 functions

A

inhibit motility
inhibit secretions
vasoconstriction

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11
Q

ENS functions 5

A 
motility regulation
secretory regulation
mechanical sensation
chemical sensation 
pain sensation
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12
Q

neuronal innervation of the GI tract:

A

PNS and SNS can regulate the GI tract directly or indirectly. The ENS can function by itself. It can also be targeted indirectly via pre-ganglionic fiber of PNS that innervates ENS neurons. unique!

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13
Q

ACh: Primary NT of what?

A

Ach is the primary NT of the PNS. Ach is released by the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the PNS!

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14
Q

NT’s of the PNS and SNS (2)

A

Ach and NE (norepi)

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15
Q

Key NT’s of the ENS (5)

A 
Ach
Serotonin
Dopamine
Nitric Oxide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
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16
Q

functions of Ach

A

vasodilation, smooth mm contraction, stimulate secretion

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17
Q

function of serotonin

A

vasodilation, increase smooth mm contraction ,stimulate secretion

18
Q

key NT for interneurons =

A

serotonin!

19
Q

functions of dopamine

A

inhibit ENS neuronal firing

20
Q

functions of NO

A

smooth mm relxation (vasodilator of GI and cardiac/smooth mm)

21
Q

functions of VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

A

smooth muscle relxation (vascular and GI)

22
Q

Dopamine: how does it inhibit ENS neuronal firing?

A

dopamine inhbitis ens firing via dop2 receptors that are expressed pre-synaptically. when dopamine binds to dop2 receptors, it decreases neuronal firing and the release of NT

23
Q

BER = ?

A

basal electrical rhythm or slow waves

24
Q

define BER

A

a spontaneous oscillating depolarization and repolarization wave that does not elicit a contraction. the cell is at rest, but will get closer to threshold during depolarization.

25
Q

BER rhythmic pattern is initated bywhat

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal - these are pace maker cells and lie between the longitudinal and circular msucle

26
Q

define spike potentials

A

rapid depolarization events that occur at the peak of the slow wave and elicit a contraction

27
Q

3 primary regulators of GI smooth muscle

A

1) Ach (stimulates contraction)
2) VIP (inhibits contraction)
3) NO (inhibits contraction)

28
Q

4 types of GI motor activity

A

1) segmental contractions (mixing)
2) peristaltic contractions (moving)
3) reverse peristaltic contractions (storing and keeping empty)
4) migrating motor complex MMC

29
Q

Segmental contractions

A
  • think of sqeezuing tube of toothpaste in various areas
  • gives you basic mixing
  • segments alternate contractive state
30
Q

peristaltic contractions

A

coordinated contraction and relaxation

31
Q

GI motility

A

upstream contraction (Ach) and downstream relxation (NO, VIP) allow for coordinated mvmt through the GI system

32
Q

define MMC

A

migrating motor complex is a rhythmic motility patern that occurs during the interdigestive period (btwn meals) about every 90 minutes

33
Q

purpose of MMC

A

to maintain directional movement of undigested contents

34
Q

strongest contractions of MMC

A

in upper GI tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum) and fade in inensity in the ileum and colon

35
Q

loss of MMC can lead to what

A

colonization of bacteria in the upper GI tract. can lead to overgrowth of bacteria

36
Q

striated mm locations (3)

A

1) upper esophageal sphincter
2) upper 1/3 of esophagus
3) EAS (external anal sphincter)

37
Q

sphincter fxn

A

sphincter mm’s are located between each organ to control emptying and are common sites of pathology

38
Q

Splanchnic circulation

A

receives 30% of cardiac output at rest

39
Q

blood is delivered via which two arteries

A

celiac and superior mesenteric arterities. the GI organs drain into the portal vein

40
Q

Blood flow from GI organs to the liver via which vein

A

portal vein. contents absorbed via GI tract must pass through the liver

Practice Topics Exam 5 (7 decks)

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