Endocrine Pathophysiology Lecture

Question 1

3 ways hormones are regulated

Answer 1

1) chemical triggers
2) endocrine factors
3) neural control

Question 2

Grave’s disease labs

Answer 2

low TSH

high T3/T4

Question 3

Grave’s disease thyroid issue

Answer 3

hyperthyroidism

Question 4

Hashimoto’s labs

Answer 4

high TSH

low T3/T4 (thyroid is dying)

Question 5

Hashimoto’s thyroid issue

Answer 5

hypothyroid

Question 6

Hypothalamic-Pituitary System/Axis

Answer 6

• interaction btwn neuro and endocrine systems
• hypothalamus is connected to pitutiary
• hypothalamus synthesizes and relases hormones that regualte other glands

Question 7

define SIADH

Answer 7

sydrome of inappropriate ADH (antidiuretic hornome)

Question 8

SIADH what happens

Answer 8

• high levels of ADH

- fluid retention

Question 9

SIADH causes

Answer 9

tumor, brain injury, drugs

Question 10

SIADH symptoms

Answer 10

fluid retention, concentrated urine, hypertension

Question 11

which part of the pitutary produces ADH

Answer 11

posterior

Question 12

dwarfism - cause

Answer 12

pituitary infarct (genetic or clot/stroke in utero)

Question 13

dwarfism occurs when

Answer 13

too little growth hormone

Question 14

giantism

Answer 14

increase in GH prior to fusion of growth plates

Question 15

acromegaly

Answer 15

increase in GH after growth pates have fused

Question 16

acromegaly presenation

Answer 16

pronounced skull/jaw, nerve impingement

Question 17

primary cause of acromegaly/giantism

Answer 17

adenoma (tumor)

Question 18

Pituitary tumor - prolactinoma

Answer 18

benign tumor, can occur in men and women

causes infertility in women because prolactin suppresses estrogen (and therefore ovulation)

Question 19

s/s of prolactinoma

Answer 19

HA, visual disturbances, lactation, amenorrhea, hirsutism, estrogen deficit, osteoporisis

Question 20

PT implications for prolactinoma

Answer 20

ask about BMD test! osteoporosis

Question 21

prolactinoma - hyper or hypo

Answer 21

hyperpituitary state

Question 22

which disease is the most comon cause of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Answer 22

graves disease

Question 23

s/s of graves disease

Answer 23

high t3,t4

thyroid enlargement, opthalmopathy, tachycardia, tremor, high BP, weight loss, heat intolerance

Question 24

hashimoto’s

Answer 24

• decreased t3,t4
• weight gain, lack of energy, decreased metabolism, cold intolerance, lethargy, goiter, myxedema (puffy under eyes and along front of shin - pitting edema)
• bradycardia, low BP

Question 25

Hypercalcemia - hyperparathyroidism : clinical features

Answer 25

osteoporosis, metabolic acidosis, pathologic fractures, mild insulin resistance, increased RR

Question 26

Hypercalcemia - hyperparathyroidism

Answer 26

too much calcium in the blood - calcium is taken out of bone

Question 27

Hypoparathyroidism - hypocalcemia s/s

Answer 27

muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, dry skin, hair loss, ridges on nails, basal ganglia issue, bone deformities

Question 28

Hypoparathyroidism - hypocalcemia

Answer 28

calcium from blood is shifted back into storage areas like bone

Question 29

Cushing Disease - hypercortical function - cause?

Answer 29

caused by excessive ACTH, due to adrenal tumor

Question 30

result of cushing disease

Answer 30

increased circulating cortisol

Question 31

Cushing disease s/s

Answer 31

weight gain in abdominal and cervical-thoracic juction, glucose intolerance, protein wasting, hyperpigmentation, moon face (fluid retention)

Question 32

prognosis for cushings

Answer 32

poor - 50% die within 5 years without treatment. treatment is poor - antifungal med

Question 33

Hypocoricalism - Addison disease what is it

Answer 33

autoimmune descruction of cortical cells. too little of all adrenal hormones

Question 34

Hypocoricalism - Addison disease s/s

Answer 34

low BP, weight loss, difficulty responding to stress! decreased exercise tolerance. can go into a crisis that can be life threatening - drop in BP can cause organ failture

Question 35

treatment for addison disease

Answer 35

cortisol

Question 36

function of amylin

Answer 36

promotes satiety (fullness)
secreted w/ insulin in response to eating
antihyperglycemic effect
released when blood sugar levels are high (same as insulin)

Question 37

glucagon function

Answer 37

stimulates the liver to release glucose into hte blood stream to increase glucose levels

Question 38

order of where glucose is taken from if blood sugar is low

Answer 38

first from liver, then muscle, then fat

Question 39

somatostatin is required for what

Answer 39

metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

Question 40

hormones of anterior pitutiary (5)

Answer 40

1) growth hormone
2) TSH
3) ACTH
4) prolactin
5) gonadotropic (FSH, LH)

Question 41

hormones of posterior pitutitary 2

Answer 41

ADH and oxytocin

Question 42

adrenal gland hormones 3

Answer 42

aldosterone, cortisol, epi