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Pathology > GI pathology > Flashcards

GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Gardner syndrome

A

FAP with fibrzomatosis and osteomas

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2
Q

Turcot syndrome

A

FAP with CNS tumors (medulloblastoma and glial tumors)

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3
Q

Factors that increase risk for progression from adenoma to carcinoma

A 
Polyp size > 2 cm
Sessile growth (vs. pedunculate growth)
Villous histology (vs. tubular histology; "villain")
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4
Q

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

A

Harmatomatous (benign) polyps throughout GI tract with mucocutaneous hyper pigmentation of lips, oral mucosa and genital skin.

Increased risk for colorectal, breast, and gyn cancer

Autosomal dominant

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5
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Mucosal and submucosal ulcers
Bloody diarrhea with LLQ pain
Crypt abscesses with neutrophils
Pseudo polyps with loss of hausfrau (“lead pipe” sign)
Toxic megacolon and carcinoma
p-ANCA and primary sclerosing cholangitis
Smoking protects agains UC

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6
Q

Crohn disease

A

Full-thickness inflammation
Non-bloody diarrhea and RLQ pain
Lymphoid aggregates with granulomas
Cobblestone mucosa, creeping fat, and strictures (“string sign”)
Malabsorption with nutritional deficiency and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
Erythema nodosa and pyoderma gangrenosum
Smoking increases risk of CD

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7
Q

True diverticula

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

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8
Q

False diverticula

A

Colonic diverticula, Zenker diverticula

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9
Q

Risk factors for intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma

A 
Intestinal metaplasia (due to H. pylori and autoimmune gastritis)
Nitrosamines in smoked food (Japan)
Blood type A
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10
Q

Signs of gastric carcinoma

A

Early satiety, weight loss, anemia
Acanthosis nigricans
Leser-Trelat sign - explosive onset of SKs

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11
Q

Sites of gastric carcinoma metastases

A

Liver is most common site of distant metastases

Virchow node (left supraclavicular node)

Periumbilical region (Sister Mary Joseph nodule) - intestinal type

Bilateral ovaries (Krukenberg tumor) - diffuse

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12
Q

Triple therapy for H. pylori infection

A

PPI
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin

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13
Q

Risk factors of acute gastritis

A

Severe burn (Curling ulcer) - hypovolemia leads to decreased blood supply
NSAIDs (decreased PGE2)
Heavy alcohol consumption
Chemo
Increased ICP (Cushing ulcer) - due to increased vagal stimulation
Shock

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14
Q

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC)

A

Due to inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair enzymes

Increased risk for colorectal, ovarian, and endometrincla carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma arises de novo at relatively early age; usually right-sided (occult bleeding with anemia)

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15
Q

Risk factors for pancreatic carcinoma

A

Smoking and chronic pancreatitis

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16
Q

Signs of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

A

Epigastric abdominal pain and weight loss
Obstructive jaundice (tumors in head of pancreas)
DM (tumors in body/tail of pancreas)
Pancreatitis
Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign)
Serum tumor marker CA 19-9

17
Q

Risks factors for development of cholesterol stones (radiolucent)

A 
Age (40s)
Estrogen
Fibrates
Cholelithiasis
Native American ethnicity
Crohn disease
Cirrhosis
18
Q

Risk factors for development of bilirubin stones (radiopaque)

A

Extravascular hemolysis (increased bilirubin in bile) and biliary tract infection (e.g. E coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, Clonorchis sinensis)

19
Q

Symptoms of hemochromatosis

A

Presents in adulthood

Classic triad of cirrhosis, secondary DM, bronze skin

Also dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, testicular atrophy

Prussian blue stain distinguishes iron (blue) from lipofuscin

20
Q

Symptoms of Wilson disease

A

Presents in childhood

Characterized by cirrhosis, neurologic manifestations (dementia, chorea and Parkinsonian symptoms due to deposition of copper in basal ganglia), and Kayser-Fleisher rings in the cornea

Tx: D-penicillamine (chelates copper)

21
Q

Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma

A
  • Chronic hepatitis (HBV, HCV)
  • Cirrhosis (e.g. alcohol, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, A1At deficiency)
  • Aflatoxins derived from Aspergillus (induce p53 mutations)
22
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

Triad of dysphagia (due to esophageal webs), iron-deficiency anemia, and glossitis (“plummers dig”)

23
Q

Treatment of Crohn disease

A

Corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab

24
Q

Treatment of Ulcerative colitis

A

ASA preparations (sulfasalazine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy

25
Q

Risk factors for Budd-Chiari syndrome

A

Hypercoagulable states
Polycythemia vera
Pregnancy
Hepatocellular carcinoma

26
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning

A

Colicky abdominal pain, constipation, headaches
Bluish pigmentation (“lead line”) at gum-tooth line
Wrist/foot drop due to peripheral neuropathy
Microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling

Pathology (17 decks)

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