GI - Oral Cavity; Salivary Glands; Esophagus; Stomach Flashcards
What is the technical term for a canker sore?
An aphthous ulcer
Describe the initial and secondary mechanism of disease of aphthous ulcers.
- Mononuclear infiltrate
- Followed by secondary bacterial infection (neutrophilic infiltrate)
How are aphthous ulcers treated?
Spontaneous resolution
(after ~7 days)
What are the three S/Sy of Beçet syndrome?
- Aphthous ulcers
- Uveitis
- Genital ulcers
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the oral cavity and lips
Most cases of herpetic stomatitis are caused by what?
HSV-1
(HSV-2 also possible)
An eleven year old child presents with an abrupt onset of vesicles / ulcerations of the oral mucosa (particularly the gingiva) accompanied by lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, and irritability.
What is the cause?
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
(HSV-1)
True/False.
The S/Sy of HSV-1 infection in children (acute herpetic gingivostomatitis) occurs in 10 - 20% of cases.
True.
Infection is asymptomatic in 80 - 90% of cases.
How long do cases of viral reactivation and herpes labialis typically take to resolve in adults?
Is treatment typically necessary?
~7 days;
no
Which premalignant lesions presents a more ominous prognosis, oral leukoplakia or oral erythroplakia?
Oral erythroplakia
95% of cancers of the head and neck are what?
Squamous cell carcinomas
Name two odontogenic tumors.
Ameloblastomas;
odontomas (more common)
What term refers to inflammation of the salivary gland (induced by trauma, viral or bacterial infection, or autoimmune disease)?
Sialadenitis
What subtype of sialadenitis is most common in fall-prone individuals in which trauma leads to either blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct, with consequent leakage of saliva into the surrounding connective tissue stroma?
Mucocele
An elderly patient presents with a fluctuant swelling of the lower lip that has a blue translucent hue.
What is the diagnosis?
Mucocele
A(n) _________ is an epithelial-lined cyst that arises when the duct of the sublingual gland has been damaged.
A ranula is an epithelial-lined cyst that arises when the duct of the sublingual gland has been damaged.
What autoimmune disorder leads specifically to xerostomia?
Sjögren’s syndrome
_______ is the most common form of viral sialadenitis, in which the major salivary glands, particularly the parotids, are affected.
Mumps is the most common form of viral sialadenitis, in which the major salivary glands, particularly the parotids, are affected.
Nonspecific bacterial sialadenitis: Decreased secretory function (usually due to stones or sialolithiasis) predisposes to secondary bacterial (______, ______) invasion. Presents as a ____lateral inflammation.
Nonspecific bacterial sialadenitis: Decreased secretory function (usually due to stones or sialolithiasis) predisposes to secondary bacterial (S. aureus, S. viridans) invasion. Presents as a unilateral inflammation.
What is the most common salivary gland tumor?
Plemorphic adenoma (mixed tumor)
Plemorphic adenomas (mixed tumor) typically present in which organ?
Parotid glands
Describe the histology of plemorphic adenomas (mixed tumors).
A mixture of ductal (epithelial) and myoepithelial cells
Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements involving ______ (gene).
Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements involving PLAG1.
Are there any risk factors for pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors)?
Radiation exposure
_________ tumor (________________) is the second most common benign tumor of the salivary gland and arises exclusively in the parotid gland.
Warthin tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum) is the second most common benign tumor of the salivary gland and arises exclusively in the parotid gland.
Warthin tumors exhibit a mix of ________ and ________ cells.
Warthin tumors exhibit a mix of epithelial and lymphoid cells.
_________________ are the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands composed of variable mixtures of squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and intermediate cells.
Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands composed of variable mixtures of squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and intermediate cells.
Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the salivary glands are associated with what genetics?
A balanced (11;19) (q21;p13) chromosomal translocation that creates a fusion gene composed of portion of the MECT1 and MAML2 genes
Name the rare malignant tumor that has a poor prognosis and sometimes presents in the minor salivary glands.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Sliding or paraesophageal hernias are both subtypes of ________ hernia.
Sliding or paraesophageal hernias are both subtypes of hiatal hernia.
Achalasia (a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax) is typically caused by a degeneration of _________ _________ within the esophageal wall.
Achalasia (a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax) is typically caused by a degeneration of inhibitory neurons within the esophageal wall.
Describe the histology of reflux esophagitis.
Erythema and edema of mucosa;
basal zone (epithelium) hyperplasia and lamina propria papillae elongation
What is the most common subtype of esophageal atresia?
Atresia with distal tracheo-esophageal fistula
What are esophageal webs?
Thin, protruding membranes of normal esophageal tissue
Acquired esophageal webs are much ______ common than congenital webs and are mainly observed in Plummer–Vinson syndrome
Acquired esophageal webs are much more common than congenital webs and are mainly observed in Plummer–Vinson syndrome
Zenker’s diverticulum is an outpouching of the lower pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa caused by inadequate relaxation of the ____________ and subsequently increased intraluminal pressure
Zenker’s diverticulum is an outpouching of the lower pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa caused by inadequate relaxation of the superior esophageal sphincter and subsequently increased intraluminal pressure
What form of esophageal inflammation results due to food allergens and is characterized by eosinophilic infiltrate in the inflammed tissue?
Eosinophilic esophagitis
What term refers to a failure of recanalization of the duodenum?
What term refers to a gastric outflow obstruction due to hyperplasia of the pyloric muscle?
Duodenal atresia;
pyloric stenosis
Gastric heterotopia refers to ectopic GI tissue most commonly found in the __________ as an inlet patch.
Gastric heterotopia refers to ectopic GI tissue most commonly found in the esophagus (in upper 1/3) as an inlet patch.
What are the two main etiologies of chronic gastritis?
Autoimmune;
H. pylori (more common)
What are the two more common causes of peptic ulcer disease?
- H. pylori
- NSAID use
Gastric carcinomas are most common in _____ (gender) in the _____ decade of life in the stomach ________ (location).
Gastric carcinomas are most common in males in the 7th decade of life in the stomach antrum (lesser curvature > greater curvature).
PPI use is associated with ___________ formation (more commonly in women) that has no increased risk for gastric malignancy.
PPI use is associated with fundic polyp formation (more commonly in women) that has no increased risk for gastric malignancy.
Gastric adenomas have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma formation when > ___ cm in size.
Gastric adenomas have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma formation when > 2 cm in size.
