GI - Oral Cavity; Salivary Glands; Esophagus; Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the technical term for a canker sore?

A

An aphthous ulcer

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2
Q

Describe the initial and secondary mechanism of disease of aphthous ulcers.

A
  1. Mononuclear infiltrate
  2. Followed by secondary bacterial infection (neutrophilic infiltrate)
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3
Q

How are aphthous ulcers treated?

A

Spontaneous resolution

(after ~7 days)

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4
Q

What are the three S/Sy of Beçet syndrome?

A
  1. Aphthous ulcers
  2. Uveitis
  3. Genital ulcers
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5
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of the oral cavity and lips

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6
Q

Most cases of herpetic stomatitis are caused by what?

A

HSV-1

(HSV-2 also possible)

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7
Q

An eleven year old child presents with an abrupt onset of vesicles / ulcerations of the oral mucosa (particularly the gingiva) accompanied by lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, and irritability.

What is the cause?

A

Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

(HSV-1)

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8
Q

True/False.

The S/Sy of HSV-1 infection in children (acute herpetic gingivostomatitis) occurs in 10 - 20% of cases.

A

True.

Infection is asymptomatic in 80 - 90% of cases.

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9
Q

How long do cases of viral reactivation and herpes labialis typically take to resolve in adults?

Is treatment typically necessary?

A

~7 days;

no

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10
Q

Which premalignant lesions presents a more ominous prognosis, oral leukoplakia or oral erythroplakia?

A

Oral erythroplakia

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11
Q

95% of cancers of the head and neck are what?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

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12
Q

Name two odontogenic tumors.

A

Ameloblastomas;

odontomas (more common)

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13
Q

What term refers to inflammation of the salivary gland (induced by trauma, viral or bacterial infection, or autoimmune disease)?

A

Sialadenitis

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14
Q

What subtype of sialadenitis is most common in fall-prone individuals in which trauma leads to either blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct, with consequent leakage of saliva into the surrounding connective tissue stroma?

A

Mucocele

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15
Q

An elderly patient presents with a fluctuant swelling of the lower lip that has a blue translucent hue.

What is the diagnosis?

A

Mucocele

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16
Q

A(n) _________ is an epithelial-lined cyst that arises when the duct of the sublingual gland has been damaged.

A

A ranula is an epithelial-lined cyst that arises when the duct of the sublingual gland has been damaged.

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17
Q

What autoimmune disorder leads specifically to xerostomia?

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

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18
Q

_______ is the most common form of viral sialadenitis, in which the major salivary glands, particularly the parotids, are affected.

A

Mumps is the most common form of viral sialadenitis, in which the major salivary glands, particularly the parotids, are affected.

19
Q

Nonspecific bacterial sialadenitis: Decreased secretory function (usually due to stones or sialolithiasis) predisposes to secondary bacterial (______, ______) invasion. Presents as a ____lateral inflammation.

A

Nonspecific bacterial sialadenitis: Decreased secretory function (usually due to stones or sialolithiasis) predisposes to secondary bacterial (S. aureus, S. viridans) invasion. Presents as a unilateral inflammation.

20
Q

What is the most common salivary gland tumor?

A

Plemorphic adenoma (mixed tumor)

21
Q

Plemorphic adenomas (mixed tumor) typically present in which organ?

A

Parotid glands

22
Q

Describe the histology of plemorphic adenomas (mixed tumors).

A

A mixture of ductal (epithelial) and myoepithelial cells

23
Q

Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements involving ______ (gene).

A

Pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements involving PLAG1.

24
Q

Are there any risk factors for pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors)?

A

Radiation exposure

25
Q

_________ tumor (________________) is the second most common benign tumor of the salivary gland and arises exclusively in the parotid gland.

A

Warthin tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum) is the second most common benign tumor of the salivary gland and arises exclusively in the parotid gland.

26
Q

Warthin tumors exhibit a mix of ________ and ________ cells.

A

Warthin tumors exhibit a mix of epithelial and lymphoid cells.

27
Q

_________________ are the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands composed of variable mixtures of squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and intermediate cells.

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands composed of variable mixtures of squamous cells, mucus-secreting cells, and intermediate cells.

28
Q

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the salivary glands are associated with what genetics?

A

A balanced (11;19) (q21;p13) chromosomal translocation that creates a fusion gene composed of portion of the MECT1 and MAML2 genes

29
Q

Name the rare malignant tumor that has a poor prognosis and sometimes presents in the minor salivary glands.

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

30
Q

Sliding or paraesophageal hernias are both subtypes of ________ hernia.

A

Sliding or paraesophageal hernias are both subtypes of hiatal hernia.

31
Q

Achalasia (a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax) is typically caused by a degeneration of _________ _________ within the esophageal wall.

A

Achalasia (a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax) is typically caused by a degeneration of inhibitory neurons within the esophageal wall.

32
Q

Describe the histology of reflux esophagitis.

A

Erythema and edema of mucosa;

basal zone (epithelium) hyperplasia and lamina propria papillae elongation

33
Q

What is the most common subtype of esophageal atresia?

A

Atresia with distal tracheo-esophageal fistula

34
Q

What are esophageal webs?

A

Thin, protruding membranes of normal esophageal tissue

35
Q

Acquired esophageal webs are much ______ common than congenital webs and are mainly observed in Plummer–Vinson syndrome

A

Acquired esophageal webs are much more common than congenital webs and are mainly observed in Plummer–Vinson syndrome

36
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum is an outpouching of the lower pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa caused by inadequate relaxation of the ____________ and subsequently increased intraluminal pressure

A

Zenker’s diverticulum is an outpouching of the lower pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa caused by inadequate relaxation of the superior esophageal sphincter and subsequently increased intraluminal pressure

37
Q

What form of esophageal inflammation results due to food allergens and is characterized by eosinophilic infiltrate in the inflammed tissue?

A

Eosinophilic esophagitis

38
Q

What term refers to a failure of recanalization of the duodenum?

What term refers to a gastric outflow obstruction due to hyperplasia of the pyloric muscle?

A

Duodenal atresia;

pyloric stenosis

39
Q

Gastric heterotopia refers to ectopic GI tissue most commonly found in the __________ as an inlet patch.

A

Gastric heterotopia refers to ectopic GI tissue most commonly found in the esophagus (in upper 1/3) as an inlet patch.

40
Q

What are the two main etiologies of chronic gastritis?

A

Autoimmune;

H. pylori (more common)

41
Q

What are the two more common causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  1. H. pylori
  2. NSAID use
42
Q

Gastric carcinomas are most common in _____ (gender) in the _____ decade of life in the stomach ________ (location).

A

Gastric carcinomas are most common in males in the 7th decade of life in the stomach antrum (lesser curvature > greater curvature).

43
Q

PPI use is associated with ___________ formation (more commonly in women) that has no increased risk for gastric malignancy.

A

PPI use is associated with fundic polyp formation (more commonly in women) that has no increased risk for gastric malignancy.

44
Q

Gastric adenomas have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma formation when > ___ cm in size.

A

Gastric adenomas have an increased risk of adenocarcinoma formation when > 2 cm in size.