Endo/Repro - Endocrine Miscellaneous

Question 1

What size distinction is used to classify micro- vs. macroadenomas of the pituitary?

Answer 1

10 mm

Question 2

How are micro-prolactinomas treated?

Answer 2

Bromocriptine and/or cabergoline

Question 3

What two serum levels are most useful in diagnosing acromegaly?

Answer 3

GH; IGF-1

Question 4

What effect will glucose intake have on GH levels?

Answer 4

Suppression

Question 5

What is the ideal initial treatment of acromegaly?

Answer 5

Transsphenoidal resection

Question 6

What treatment is needed immediately in patients with panhypopituitarism?

Answer 6

Hydrocortisone

Question 7

How are pituitary macroadenomas typically treated?

Answer 7

Transsphenoidal partial-resection

(+ possible radiation)

Question 8

True/False.

In cases of adenohypophyseal tumors, neurohypophyseal function is typically preserved.

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

What is best way to screen for hyperaldosteronism?

What is the confirmatory test?

Answer 9

The aldosterone:renin ratio;

catopril challenge (there should be a ≥ 30% decrease)

Question 10

An aldosterone:renin level of ___:___ indicates hyperaldosteronism.

An aldosterone:renin level of ___:___ indicates a likely Conn syndrome.

Answer 10

An aldosterone:renin level of ≥ 20 indicates hyperaldosteronism.

An aldosterone:renin level of ≥ 80 indicates a likely Conn syndrome.

Question 11

An aldosterone:renin level of > 4:1 indicates _____lateral hyperaldosteronism.

An aldosterone:renin level of < 3:1 indicates _____lateral hyperaldosteronism.

Answer 11

An aldosterone:renin level of > 4:1 indicates unilateral hyperaldosteronism.

An aldosterone:renin level of < 3:1 indicates bilateral hyperaldosteronism.

Question 12

How is primary hyperaldosteronism treated?

Answer 12

Unilateral adrenalectomy

(potentially + spironolactone)

Question 13

What DEXA score is associated with osteopenia?

What DEXA score is associated with osteoporosis?

Answer 13

< 1

< 2.5

Question 14

Bow legs, craniotabes (soft skull), and bead-like costochondral junctions describe what disorder of what age group?

Answer 14

Rickets;

children

Question 15

A definitive diagnosis of rickets can be made by what?

Answer 15

Biopsy

Question 16

Osteoporosis is mostly a disorder of bone _________, while osteomalacia is mostly a disorder of bone _________.

Answer 16

Osteoporosis is mostly a disorder of bone density, while osteomalacia is mostly a disorder of bone quality.

Question 17

What disorder is characterized by “mosaic” bone architecture with pain, warmth, and neurologic symptoms.

Answer 17

Paget’s disease

(osteitis deformans)

Question 18

If a patient has an elevated serum calcium, this issue might be due to which of the following:

primary, secondary, or tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 18

Primary or tertiary

(calcium is low in secondary)

Question 19

Acute hypocalcemia is treated with ________ ________.

Chronic hypocalcemia is treated with ________ ________.

Answer 19

Acute hypocalcemia is treated with calcium gluconate.

Chronic hypocalcemia is treated with calcium carbonate (+ vitamin D, and thiazides).

Question 20

Sestamibi is a special marker taken up and held by the mitochondria of which organs?

Answer 20

Parathyroids

(and some in the thyroid, but held longer in the parathyroids)

Question 21

On a graph illustrating serum PTH levels on the Y-axis and serum Ca²⁺ on the X-axis, identify where (1) primary hyperparathyroidism and (2) hypoparathyroidism would be on the graph.

Answer 21

Question 22

On a graph illustrating serum PTH levels on the Y-axis and serum Ca²⁺ on the X-axis, identify where (1) kidney failure and (2) gastric bypass would be on the graph.

Answer 22

Question 23

On a graph illustrating serum PTH levels on the Y-axis and serum Ca²⁺ on the X-axis, identify where (1) vitamin D deficiency and (2) hypercalcemia of malignancy would be on the graph.

Answer 23