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NSG 1610 Final > GI/GU > Flashcards

GI/GU Flashcards

1
Q

What is viscera? What is the difference between solid and hollow viscera?

A

Viscera are all organs in the abdominal cavity

  • solid viscera have a specific shape, such as the liver, pancreas, spleen, etc.
  • hollow viscera depend on the contents, such as the stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, etc.
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2
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The involuntary contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract to move contents from the esophagus to the anus

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3
Q

What is dysuria? Hematuria?

A

Pain with urination; blood in the urine

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4
Q

Why do we auscultate before palpation for GI/GU?

A

Palpation may increase peristalsis and give false interpretation of bowel sounds

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5
Q

Describe how to complete an abdominal inspection

A
  • skin colour, lesions, masses
  • contour/shape
  • size
  • symmetry
  • umbilicus
  • pulsations
  • peristaltic waves
  • urine
  • emesis
  • stool
  • swallow
  • mucosa/teeth
  • lips
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6
Q

What are the four different abdominal shapes that can be inspected?

A
  1. flat
  2. rounded
  3. scaphoid
  4. protuberant
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7
Q

Describe how to complete auscultation of GI

A
  • begin in RLQ and work clockwise
  • use the diaphragm of stethoscope for bowel sounds and bell for vascular sounds
  • should hear 5-30 bowel sounds per minute and should not hear any vascular sounds
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8
Q

What are the four types of bowel sounds and how many sounds would be indicated per minute?

A
  1. Absent - no BS for 5 mins
  2. Hypoactive - less than 5 BS per min
  3. Active - 5 to 30 BS per min
  4. Hyperactive - over 30 BS per min
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9
Q

What could cause hypoactive bowel sounds?

A
  • constipation
  • inflammation
  • late bowel obstruction
  • can occur with pneumonia
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10
Q

What could cause hyperactive bowel sounds?

A
  • early bowel obstruction
  • gastroenteritis
  • diarrhea
  • laxative use
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11
Q

What is borborygmi?

A

Bubbling or gurgling sounds made in the bowels

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12
Q

How do you complete palpation during a GI assessment?

A

Light palpation that is 1-2cm deep, done in a circular motion with the pads of the fingertips

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13
Q

What are nine situations that are considered acute emergencies?

A
  1. pain
  2. tarry stool
  3. bloody stool
  4. hematemesis
  5. trauma
  6. vomitus with fecal odor
  7. jaundice
  8. inability to void
  9. referred cardiac pain
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14
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Increased abdominal pressure under stress (weak pelvic floor muscles)

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15
Q

What is urge incontinence?

A

Involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles

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16
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

Due to a blockage of the urethra - you have the urge to urinate but can release only a small amount. This can be due to a weak bladder muscle or to blockage. Since your bladder doesn’t empty as it should, it gets too full. It then leaks urine later, even though you feel no urge to urinate.

17
Q

What are some older adult considerations?

A
  • less saliva and stomach acid
  • decreased taste
  • slower peristalsis
  • dysphagia
  • reduced muscle mass
  • risk of dehydration
18
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A weakened blood vessel wall that results in the ballooning/widening of a vessel

19
Q

What are ascites?

A

Fluid collects in spaces within the abdomen

20
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

21
Q

What is melena?

A

black, tarry stool that comes from bleeding in your upper GI tract

22
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen

23
Q

What are striae?

A

Stretch marks

24
Q

Describe how to complete an inspection of the penis

A

Groin and Penis
- skin, colour, lesions, rashes
- hair distribution
- inspect shaft
Glans
- ask patient to retract foreskin
Urethra
- discharge
Scrotum
- asymmetries (normal)
- smoothness of testes
- tenderness
Perineum
- spread buttocks to inspect

25
Q

What are some considerations for male older adults?

A
  • less testosterone affects sexual function
  • pubic alopecia
  • prostate enlargement
  • scrotum dropping lower due to decreased muscle tone
26
Q

Describe how to complete an inspection of external female genitalia

A

Mons pubis
- hair distribution
- lice
- nits
Skin
- colour
- redness
- swelling
- lesions
Labia
- size
- swelling
- symmetry
- piercings
- redness
Discharge
- amount, colour, consistency, odor

27
Q

What are some older female adult considerations?

A
  • limited/absent estrogen
  • menopause
  • uterus may prolapse due to weakened musculature
  • vaginal dryness
28
Q

How much urine does an adult bladder hold?

A

400-600mL of urine

29
Q

On average, how many times do people empty their bladder per day? How much in mL per day?

A

5-7 times/day with 1500-1600 mL/day

30
Q

What is the expected output of urine per hour?

A

0.5 mL/kg/hr which is roughly 30-40mL/hr

31
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

Heartburn

NSG 1610 Final (10 decks)

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