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Year 2 Systems > GI Diseases > Flashcards

GI Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors of an AAA?

A

Congenital/connective tissue disorders
Smoking
Increased age

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2
Q

How does an AAA present?

A

Usually asymptomatic

May have back pain/pulsatile mass if ruptured

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3
Q

Treatment of an AAA

A

Immediate surgery if rupture/risk of rupture

If asymptomatic - observation

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4
Q

What is achalasia

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax, resulting in distal oesophageal obstruction as food cannot pass into the stomach

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5
Q

Symptoms of achalasia

A 
Progressive dysphagia
Weight loss
Chest pain
Regurgitation
Chest infection
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6
Q

GI investigations

A 
UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY
Colonoscopy
Biopsy
Abdominal ultrasound
Imaging techniques
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7
Q

What is the effect of alpha blockers?

A

Dilation of the blood vessels

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8
Q

What is the effect of beta blockers?

A

Decreases activitiy of the heart by blocking adrenaline etc

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9
Q

What are the causes of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Alcohol abuse
Gallstones
Steroids
Trauma
Viruses
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10
Q

What is the presentation of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Oedema
Fat necrosis
Abdominal pain
Haemorrhage
Nausea
Vomiting
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11
Q

Acute pancreatitis investigations

A 
Amylase
Lipase
FBC
LFT
CT
Ultrasound
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12
Q

Stages of alcoholic liver disease

A

Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis

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13
Q

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver due to chronic alcoholism

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14
Q

Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis

A 
Jaundice
Encephalopathy
Infection
Decompensated hepatic function
Raised prothrombin time (as clotting factors not produced by the liver)
Low albumin
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15
Q

How are GI bleeds prevented?

A

PPIs
Reduce NSAIDs
H pylori eradication

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16
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

Fatty liver disease + inflammation

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17
Q

Presentation of steatohepatitis

A 
Asymptomatic
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Empyema
Jaundice
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18
Q

What is the effect of liver disease on alanine amino transferase?

A

Increased

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19
Q

What happens as a result of high levels of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice

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20
Q

Treatment of steatohepatitis

A

Avoidance of alcohol
Weight loss
Exercise

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21
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Fibrosis of the liver

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22
Q

Causes of cirrhosis

A 
Alcohol
Autoimmune
Hepatitis B/C
CF
Haemochromatosis
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23
Q

What is the presentation of cirrhosis? (8)

A 
Jaundice
Ascites
Variceal bleeding
Abdominal distension
Malaena
Itching
Leukonychia
Peripheral oedema
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24
Q

Causes of malaena

A 
Cirrhosis
Peptic ulcers
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's
Any GI bleed
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25
Q

Appendicitis

A

Acute inflammation of the appendix

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26
Q

What is ascending cholangitis?

A

Inflammation of the bile duct

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27
Q

Symptoms of cholangitis

A

Charcot’s triad

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28
Q

What is charcot’s triad?

A

Jaundice
Fever
RUQ pain

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29
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of protein containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen

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30
Q

What are varices?

A

Dilated blood vessels in the oesophagus or stomach caused by portal hypertension

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31
Q

Causes of ascites

A

Portal hypertension

Cirrhosis

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32
Q

What does shifting dullness indicate?

A

Ascites

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33
Q

Treatment of ascites

A

Diuretics
Liver transplantation
Large volume paracentesis

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34
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Pre-malignant condition caused by oesophageal reflux

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35
Q

What is the name of a cancer of the bile duct epithelium?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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36
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Infection of the gallbladder

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37
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

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38
Q

Causes of cholelithiasis

A

Obesity

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39
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

Continuous inflammation of the pancreas

Glandular destruction is irreversible

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40
Q

Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

A 
Abdominal pain 
Weight loss
Steatorrhoea
Diabetes
Jaundice
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41
Q

Causes of colorectal cancer

A

Polyps

Genetics

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42
Q

Symptoms of colorectal cancer

A 
Rectal bleeding
Altered bowel habits
Iron deficiency anaemia
Palpable right lower abdominal mass
Weight loss
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43
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Patchy inflammation from anus to mouth

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44
Q

Presentation of Crohn’s

A 
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Malaise
Lethargy
Malabsorption
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45
Q

What substance is released into the intestines when there is inflammation?

A

Faecal calprotectin

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46
Q

Treatment of Crohn’s

A

Methotrexate
Metronidazol
5ASAs
Infliximab

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47
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

Small pouches called diverticula develop in the lining of the bowel and push out through the bowel wall

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48
Q

Risk factors of diverticular disease

A

Genetics
Smoking
Low fibre diet
Obesity

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49
Q

Presentation of diverticular disease

A

Asymptomatic
Constipation
Fever
Left lower quadrant pain

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50
Q

Treatment of diverticular disease

A

Modify diet
Fibre supplement
Antibiotics

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51
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation of diverticulum

52
Q

Presentation of diverticulitis

A

Left sided abdominal pain
Fever
Diarrhoea

53
Q

What is the treatment for diverticulitis?

A

Analgesia
Antibiotic therapy
Low residue diet
Surgery

54
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Indigestion

55
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Calcification of cholesterol and pigment

56
Q

What are the symptoms of gastric cancer?

A 
Dyspepsia
Early satiety
Nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
GI bleeding
Iron deficiency anaemia
Gastric outlet obstruction
57
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa

58
Q

Causes of gastritis

A

H pylori
NSAIDs
Alcohol
Stress

59
Q

What is a GI haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding in the GI tract

60
Q

Causes of GI haemorrhage

A 
Mallory Weiss tear
Oesophageal varices
Oesophageal cancer
Gastritis
GORD
Peptic ulcer
IBD
Diverticulitis
61
Q

Presentation of GI bleeds

A 
Haematemesis
Malaena
Rectal bleeding
Abdominal pain
SOB
Fatigue
62
Q

What is giardiasis?

A

Infection caused by giardia lamblia

63
Q

Presentation of giardiasis

A 
Diarroea
Frequent belching
Abdominal bloating
Malaise
Weight loss
64
Q

What is metronidazole used for?

A

Antibiotic and antiprotazoal medication

65
Q

What is GORD?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Pathological acid and bile exposure in lower oesophageal sphincter

66
Q

Presentation of GORD

A

Heartburn
Cough
Water brash
Sleep disturbance

67
Q

Treatment of GORD

A

Alginates
H2RA
PPI
Anti-reflux surgery

68
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Enlargement of vascular rich connective tissue

69
Q

Causes of haemorrhoids

A

Increased pressure of blood vessels around anus eg prolonged constipation

70
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Confusion due to liver disease

71
Q

Causes of hepatic encephalopathy

A

GI bleed
Infection
Constipation

72
Q

Presentation of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Flapping tremor
Confusion
Foetor hepaticus

73
Q

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Laxatives
Neomycin
Rifaximin

74
Q

What are neomycin and rifaximin?

A

Antibiotics

75
Q

Which types of viral hepatitis are caused by exposure to infected blood?

A

A, C

76
Q

Which types of viral hepatitis are caused by sexual or faecal-oral transmission?

A

A

77
Q

Which types of viral hepatitis are caused by percutaneous and permucosal routes and sexual transmission?

A

B

78
Q

Which type of viral hepatitis normally coinfects with HBV?

A

D

79
Q 
Asymptomatic
Abrupt onset fever
Abdominal pain
Malaise
Dark urine
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Jaundice
A

Presentation of hepatitis A

80
Q

Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Ascites

A

Presentation of hepatitis B

81
Q

Jaundice
Asymptomatic until cirrhotic
Ascites

A

Presentation of hepatitis C

82
Q

What is the commonest form of liver cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

83
Q

Causes of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhosis

Hep B/C

84
Q

Presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma

A 
Decompensated cirrhosis
Abdominal mass
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Bleeding from tumour
85
Q

What is a Mallory Weiss tear?

A

A tear in the mucous membrane where the oesophagus meets the stomach

86
Q

What is decompensated cirrhosis?

A

Development of jaundice, ascites, variceal haemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy

87
Q

What type of cancer feature in the distal oesophagus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

88
Q

What type of cancer feature in the proximal and middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

Causes of oesophageal cancer

A

Barrett’s oesophagus
Smoking
Genetics

90
Q

Presentation of oesophageal cancer

A 
Progressive dysphagia
Weight loss
Odynophagia
Chest pain
Coughing
Vocal cord paralysis
Haematemesis
91
Q

What is odynophagia?

A

Painful swallowing

92
Q

Oesophageal cancer metastases

A

Liver
Brain
Lungs
Bone

93
Q

Oesophageal cancer treatment

A

Oesophagectomy

Adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy

94
Q

What are the types of pancreatic carcinoma?

A

Duct cell
Mucinous
Adenocarcinoma

95
Q

Symptoms of pancreatic carcinoma

A 
Upper abdominal pain
Jaundice
Weight loss
Anorexia
Fatigue
Diarrhoea
Steattorrhoea
Nausea and vomiting
Ascites
Portal hypertension
Hepatomegaly
Abdominal tenderness
Mass on palpation
Palpable gallbladder
Lymphadenopathy
96
Q

Causes of portal hypertension

A

Cirrhosis

Blood clots in the portal vein

97
Q

Causes of splenomegaly

A

Portal hypertension

Cancer cell infiltration from haemotological malignancy

98
Q

Which organs are involved in the portal venous system?

A

Veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein

99
Q

Portal hypertension presentation

A

GI bleeding
Ascites
Encephalopathy

100
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Fundus of the stomach moves through the diaphragmatic hiatus

101
Q

Risk factors for a hiatus hernia

A

Obesity

Ageing

102
Q

Presentation of hiatus hernia

A 
Bowel sounds in chest
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Obesity
Chest pain
103
Q

What is the treatment of a hiatus hernia

A

Surgery

104
Q

What is IBS?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

Functional bowel disorder characterised by frequent abdominal pain

105
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS?

A

Abdominal pain
Altered bowel habits
Abdominal bloating
Mucus

106
Q

IBS treatment

A

Probiotics
Laxatives
Amitriptyline (for anxiety)

107
Q

What is NAFLD?

A

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

108
Q

Causes of NAFLD

A

Obesity
DM
Hypertension
Genetics

109
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

Open sores in the lining of the stomach

110
Q

Causes of peptic ulcers

A

H pylori
NSAIDs
Smoking

111
Q

Presentation of peptic ulcers

A 
Epigastric pain
Nocturnal pain
Back pain
Nausea
Weight loss
Anrexia
Haematemesis
Melaena
112
Q

What are polyps?

A

Benign or malignant protuberant growths of epithelium or mesenchyme

113
Q

What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts

114
Q

Cause of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

Autoimmune

115
Q

Presentation of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A 
Aymptomatic
Jaundice 
Itching
Hepatosplenomegaly
Steatorrhoea
Malabsorption
Dark urine
M>F
116
Q

Treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

Immunosuppressants
Vitamin D
Calcium
Liver transplantation (for end stage liver disease)

117
Q

Complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A 
Dominant biliary stricture
end stage liver disease 
Cirrhosis
Ascites
Varices
118
Q

What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

A

Acute bacterial infection of the ascitic fluid

119
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Continuous inflammation of the colon

120
Q

Presentation of ulcerative colitis

A 
Bloody diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Fever
Low albumin
Anaemia
121
Q

Treatment of ulcerative colitis

A 
5ASAs 
Steroids
Immunosuppression
Anticoagulation
Surgery
122
Q

Complications of ulcerative colitis

A

Colonic carcinoma

123
Q

Tropheryma whipplei

A

Whipple’s disease

Multisystemic disease

124
Q

Presentation of Whipple’s disease

A 
Diarrhoea
Arthralgia
Weight loss
Abdominal pain
Fever
Steatorrhoea
Skin darkening
125
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

Pain in a joint

Year 2 Systems (9 decks)

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