Endocrine Formative Flashcards
Causes of primary hypothyroidism
Iodine deficiency
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
Treatment of hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine
Causes of primary hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma
Causes of goitre
Overstimulation of the thyroid gland
NOT secondary hypothyroidism as reduced stimulation
Hyper-/hypothyroidism
What is Graves’ disease?
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (primary)
What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Primary hypothyroidism
What is associated with chronic glucocorticoid therapy?
Adrenal insufficiency
What are the zones of the adrenal glands and what do they secrete?
Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - androgens (sex steroids)
What pump is stimulated by insulin?
Na/K ATPase
Which tests should be performed immediately for a suspected hypo?
Blood Glucose
pH
Urine/Blood Ketones
Electrolytes
What is treated by carbimazole?
Hyperthyroidism
Side effects of carbimazole
Neutropenia
What is Addison’s disease?
Primary adrenal insufficiency
What is Cushing’s disease?
Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol (as a result of pituitary tumour)
What is Conn’s syndrome?
Primary hyperaldosteronism (caused by hyperplasia or tumours)
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Too much PTH => hypercalcaemia
Primary (benign tumour)
Secondary (kidney failure or vitamin D deficiency lowers calcium levels, causing the body to react by producing extra parathyroid hormone)
Diagnosis of Addison’s
Synacthen test (for cortisol levels)
What is pseudoparathyroidism?
Low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is appropriately high (due to the low level of calcium in the blood)
Causes of secondary diabetes
Acromegaly
Haemochromatosis (excess iron)
Cushing’s disease
Chronic pancreatitis
Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in women (7)
Infertility
Gallactoria (abnormal lactation)
Infrequent or irregular periods
Amenorrhea (disappearance of ovulation periods)
Loss of libido
Breast pain
Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness
Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in men (5)
Erectile dysfunction Gynecomastia Lactation Infertility Loss of libido
