Endocrine Formative

Question 1

Causes of primary hypothyroidism

Answer 1

Iodine deficiency

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)

Question 2

Treatment of hypothyroidism

Answer 2

Levothyroxine

Question 3

Causes of primary hyperthyroidism

Answer 3

Graves’ disease
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma

Question 4

Causes of goitre

Answer 4

Overstimulation of the thyroid gland
NOT secondary hypothyroidism as reduced stimulation
Hyper-/hypothyroidism

Question 5

What is Graves’ disease?

Answer 5

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (primary)

Question 6

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 6

Primary hypothyroidism

Question 7

What is associated with chronic glucocorticoid therapy?

Answer 7

Adrenal insufficiency

Question 8

What are the zones of the adrenal glands and what do they secrete?

Answer 8

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - androgens (sex steroids)

Question 9

What pump is stimulated by insulin?

Answer 9

Na/K ATPase

Question 10

Which tests should be performed immediately for a suspected hypo?

Answer 10

Blood Glucose
pH
Urine/Blood Ketones
Electrolytes

Question 11

What is treated by carbimazole?

Answer 11

Hyperthyroidism

Question 12

Side effects of carbimazole

Answer 12

Neutropenia

Question 13

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 13

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Question 14

What is Cushing’s disease?

Answer 14

Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol (as a result of pituitary tumour)

Question 15

What is Conn’s syndrome?

Answer 15

Primary hyperaldosteronism (caused by hyperplasia or tumours)

Question 16

What is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 16

Too much PTH => hypercalcaemia
Primary (benign tumour)
Secondary (kidney failure or vitamin D deficiency lowers calcium levels, causing the body to react by producing extra parathyroid hormone)

Question 17

Diagnosis of Addison’s

Answer 17

Synacthen test (for cortisol levels)

Question 18

What is pseudoparathyroidism?

Answer 18

Low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is appropriately high (due to the low level of calcium in the blood)

Question 19

Causes of secondary diabetes

Answer 19

Acromegaly
Haemochromatosis (excess iron)
Cushing’s disease
Chronic pancreatitis

Question 20

Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in women (7)

Answer 20

Infertility
Gallactoria (abnormal lactation)
Infrequent or irregular periods
Amenorrhea (disappearance of ovulation periods)
Loss of libido
Breast pain
Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness

Question 21

Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms in men (5)

Answer 21

Erectile dysfunction
Gynecomastia
Lactation
Infertility
Loss of libido