GI Cancer Flashcards
What staging system is used for colorectal cancer?
Duke’s Stages
What is Duke Stage A?
Tumour confined to submucosa
What is Duke Stage B1?
Growth into muscularis propria
What is Duke Stage B2?
Growth through muscularis propria and serosa (full thickness)
What is Duke Stage C1?
Spread to 1-4 regional lymph nodes
What is Duke Stage C2?
Spread to more than 4 regional lymph nodes
What is Duke Stage D?
Distant metastases
What is the most common type of oesophageal cancer in the developed world?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the most common type of oesophageal cancer in the developing world?
Squamous cell
What can cause adenocarcinoma in the oesophagus?
GORD, Barrett’s, smoking, obesity
What are risk factors for oesophageal cancer?
Achalasia, alcohol, obesity, smoking
Where do each type of oesophageal cancer occur?
Adenocarcinoma - lower 1/3, squamous cell - upper 2/3
How does oesophageal cancer present?
Vomiting, progressive dysphagia, anorexia and weight loss
What are ALARM symptoms?
Anaemia, Loss of weight, Anorexia, Recent onset progressive symptoms, Melaena/haematemesis, Swallowing difficulties
What is the first line investigation in oesophageal cancer?
Upper GI endoscopy and biopsy
What imaging do you use to stage oesophageal cancer?
CT or endoscopic ultrasound
How do you manage operable oesophageal cancer?
Surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy
What is type 1 gastric cancer?
Intestinal and differentiated
What is type 2 gastric cancer?
Diffuse and undifferentiated
What are risk factors for gastric cancer?
Male, H.pylori, chronic gastritis, blood type A
What does type 1 gastric cancer look like and where is it found?
Large and irregular in antrum and lesser curvature
What does type 2 gastric cancer look like and where is it found?
Submucosa invasion found anywhere but especially the cardia
How does gastric cancer present?
Anorexia, nausea, weight loss, anaemia, dysphagia, vomiting, epigastric pain,
What is the gold standard investigation in gastric cancer?
Gastroscopy and biopsy
How would you image the depth of invasion in gastric cancer?
Endoscopic USS
How do you manage gastric cancer?
Nutritional support, surgical resection, chemo
What are risk factors for colon cancer?
FH, IBD, Poor diet, obesity, DM
What is the first line investigation in colon cancer?
Faecal occult blood test
What is the gold standard investigation in colon cancer?
Colonoscopy + biopsy
Where is colon cancer found most often?
Distal colon
How does colon cancer present?
Pain, mass, bleeding, change in bowel habit, weight loss, vomiting, obstruction
How do you manage colon cancer?
Resection and chemo
