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Acute > GI and GU > Flashcards

GI and GU Flashcards

1
Q

components of RUQ

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • colon
  • kidney
  • duodenum
  • SI
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2
Q

components of RLQ

A
  • ascending colon
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • SI
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3
Q

components of LUQ

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • kidney
  • colon
  • jejunum
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4
Q

components of LLQ

A
  • descending colon
  • colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • SI
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5
Q

What quadrant is liver in?

A

RUQ

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6
Q

What quadrant is appendix in?

A

RLQ

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7
Q

What quadrant is stomach in?

A

LUQ

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8
Q

hematochezia

A

bloody stool

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9
Q

melena

A

dark tarry stool

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10
Q

laparoscopy

A

insertion of laparoscope into abdominal cavity

- diagnostic or therapeutic

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11
Q

What type of swallow study looks at the whole system and what type looks at the upper swallowing?

A

barium swallow - entire system

modified barium swallow study - upper system

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12
Q

endoscopy

A

insertion of endoscope into digestive tract

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13
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

- used to diagnose and treat gallbladder, biliary system, pancreas, and liver problems

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14
Q

scintigraphy

A

GI bleeding scans

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15
Q

upper GI series

A

used to id disorders of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

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16
Q

_________ pneumonia is a big issue for someone with dysphagia

A

aspiration

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17
Q

S&S of early dumping

A
  • palpations
  • tachycardia
  • flushing
  • diaphoresis
  • syncope
  • abdominal symptoms - cramping and bloating
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18
Q

S&S of late dumping

A

hypoglycemia S&S

  • palpations
  • tachycardia
  • shaky
  • fatigue
  • sweating
  • irritability
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19
Q

S&S of upper GI bleeding (UGBI)

A

hematemesis - vomiting blood

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20
Q

S&S of lower GI bleeding (LGIB)

A

hematochezia - blood in stool

melena - dark tarry stool

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21
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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22
Q

How long must symptoms last to be diagnosed with IBS?

A

symptoms last for 3 days a month over 3 months

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23
Q

Where does Crohn’s disease occur?

A

anywhere in GI system

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24
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis occur?

A

rectum and proximal colon

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25
Q

What can liver disease lead to?

A

encephalopathy - inflammation of white matter in brain

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26
Q

cholecystitis vs cholelithiasis

A

cholecystitis - inflammation of gallbladder

cholelithiasis - gallstone formation

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27
Q

What is Murphey’s sign?

A

have them deep breathe in and push in RUQ as they exhale and if tender then they have gallbladder issue

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28
Q

Patient positioning for comfort after GI surgery

A
  • sidelying to decrease tension on surgical site
  • flex knees while HOB lowered to decrease tension
  • supine can aggravate dysphagia and GERD
  • splinting during mobility/coughing
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29
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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30
Q

nocturia

A

night time urination

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31
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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32
Q

proteinuria

A

urine appears foamy

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33
Q

oliguria

A

very low urine output

34
Q

What does increased creatinine plasma levels indicate?

A

decreased renal function

35
Q

reference value of estimated GFR

A

> 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2

36
Q

What is BUN? reference range

A

end product of protein and amino acid metabolism
- can cause impaired cognition

10-20 mg/dl

37
Q

What is a KUB?

A

radiograph of kidneys, ureters, bladder often done for initial diagnostics

38
Q

cystoscopy

A

flexible, fiberoptic scope through the urethra into the bladder

39
Q

Cystometry

A

evaluates motor and sensory function of the bladder in patients with incontinence or suspicion of neurologic bladder dysfunction

40
Q

as urine output _______ , creatinine levels _______

A

decrease, increase - inverse relationship

41
Q

pre-renal kidney injury

A

decreased blood flow (hypovolemic shock)

42
Q

intra-renal kidney injury

A

damage to kidney themselves, often by necrosis

43
Q

post-renal kidney injury

A

obstruction by kidney stone, tumor, etc.

44
Q

chronic kidney disease GFR

A

< 60 mL

45
Q

acute vs chronic pyelonephritis

A

acute - sudden onset and presence of bacteria

chronic - destruction of nephrons that leads to chronic kidney disease

46
Q

symptoms of cystitis and how is it managed

A
  • frequent urination
  • dysuria
  • lower abdominal or suprapubic pain
  • urinalysis may reveal pyuria, hematuria, and bacteriuria

managed by antimicrobial treatment

47
Q

urethritis and symptoms

A

infection of urethra - causes burning sensation during urination

48
Q

cystitis and symptoms

A

infection of bladder - increased frequency and pain with urination

49
Q

pyelonephritis and symptoms

A

infection of kidneys - fever, chills, N&V, back pain

50
Q

clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy

A
  • microalbuminuria - urinary albumin excretion
  • decreased GFR
  • acute or chronic kidney disease
51
Q

stress urinary incontinence description

A

increased intraabdominal pressure leads to small leakage

52
Q

stress urinary incontinence cause

A

weak pelvic floor, dysfunctional urethra

- can occur after pregnancy

53
Q

urge urinary incontinence description

A

larger leakage occurs after delayed sensation of full bladder

54
Q

urge urinary incontinence cause

A
  • neurologic disorders
  • spinal cord injury
  • detrusor overactivity
55
Q

overflow urinary incontinence description

A

leakage of urine from mechanical forces or urinary retention from an overdistended bladder

56
Q

overflow urinary incontinence cause

A
  • anatomic obstruction by prostate
  • DM or spinal cord injury
  • neurologic disorders, detrusor failure
57
Q

mixed urinary incontinence description

A

combination of stress and urge

58
Q

functional urinary incontinence description

A

cognitive or physical impairments, psychological or environmental barriers that prevent voiding

59
Q

functional urinary incontinence cause

A

mobility and/or cognitive impairments

- plumbing is normal

60
Q

AE of alpha-adrenergic antagonists (tamsulosin) for BPH

A

hypotension

61
Q

AE of 5a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride) for BPH

A

hypotension

62
Q

AE of anticholingeric (oxybutynin) for BPH

A

Anticholinergics – can’t see, can’t spit, can’t pee, can’t poo
- ABCDs – agitation, blurred vision, constipation confusion, dry mouth, stasis of urine and sweat

63
Q

AE of b3-adrenergic agonist (mirabegron for BPH

A

hypertension

64
Q

Large fluid exchange can promote __________ and ________ of nephrons

A

hypotension and ischemia

65
Q

What is a temporary dialysis catheterwhich can typically be used for up to 30 to 45 days?

A

vas cath

66
Q

Advantages of vas cath

A
  • quick placement
  • used immediately
  • outpatient procedure
67
Q

Disadvantages of vas cath

A
  • may damage central veins
  • increase length of hemodialysis treatment
  • bathing/swimming not recommended
  • potential infection and catheter clotting
68
Q

What is a surgical connection between artery and vein?

A

AV fistula

69
Q

AV fistula advantages

A
  • can function for years
  • infection less likely
  • clotting less likely
70
Q

AV fistula disadvantages

A
  • may require another temp access while fistula heals
  • maturation can be delayed or fail
  • needles required to access AV fistula
71
Q

What is a small tubing that connects artery to vein?

A

arteriovenous graft

72
Q

AVG advantages

A
  • ready to use in 3-4 weeks
  • easy to implant
  • outpatient procedure
73
Q

AVG disadvantages

A
  • not as long-lasting as fistula
  • needles required to access graft
  • prone to clotting
74
Q

Is PT safe for a patient receiving continuous renal replacement therapy?

A

yes, bedside PT is safe

75
Q

Advantages of CRRT

A
  • can be used for less stable patients

- avoids rapid fluid and electrolyte shift

76
Q

Disadvantages of CRRT

A
  • low clearance rate vs hemodialysis
  • more intensive anticoagulation therapy
  • patient immobilized for long periods
77
Q

S&S of Crohn’s disease

A
  • abdominal cramping
  • RLQ pain/mass
  • diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • low grade fever
78
Q

S&S of ulcerative colitis

A
  • lower abdominal pain relieved by defecation
  • bloody stools
  • diarrhea
  • incontinence
  • nocturnal defecation
  • fatigue
  • wt loss
  • dehydration
79
Q

Bloody stool is more common with _________

A

ulcerative colitis

80
Q

malnutrition is more common with ___________

A

Crohn’s disease

81
Q

what are abdominal surgery precautions?

A
  • no lifting >10#
  • no bending more than 90 degrees at hips, no Valsalva maneuvers
  • use of a velcro-fastened elasticized soft abdominal binder

Acute (14 decks)

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