GI anatomy Flashcards
What organs lie within the Right Hypochondriac region?
Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney
What organs lie within the Epigastric region?
Stomach, Liver and Pancreas
What organs lie within the Left Hypochondriac region?
Spleen, Left Kidney, Colon
What organs lie within the Right Lumbar region?
Liver, Gallbladder, Ascending Colon
What organs lie within the Umbilical region?
Stomach, Small Intestine, Transverse Colon
What organs lie within the Left Lumbar region?
Descending Colon, Left Kidney, Small Intestine
Which organs lie within the Right Iliac region?
Caecum, Appendix, Right Ovary
Which organs lie within the Left Iliac Region?
Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Left Ovary
Which organs lie within the Hypogastric region?
Urinary Bladder, Uterus, Rectum
What is the action of the External Oblique and Internal Oblique?
Compress and support abdominal viscera. Flex and Rotate the trunk
What is the action of the Transversus Abdominis?
Compress and support abdominal viscera
What innervates the External Oblique?
Thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves
What innervates the internal obliques and transversus abdominis?
Thoraco-abdominal, subcostal and first lumbar nerve
What is the function of the Rectus Abdominis ?
To flex trunk, compress viscera and control/stabilise pelvic tilt
Where is the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis in relation to the rectus abdominis?
Posterior
What is the function of the pyramidalis?
To stabilise the linea alba
What is the rectus sheath made up of?
The external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
T7-T11
To which bony landmarks is the inguinal ligament attached?
Anterior Iliac Spine, Pubic Tubercle
Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Above and superolateral to the pubic tubercle
The superior epigastric vessels are branches of which vessels?
Internal Thoracic
The inferior epigastric vessels are branches of which vessels?
External Iliac
What lies within the inguinal canal of a male?
Spermatic cord, Ilioinguinal Nerve and Deep Inguinal Ring
What lies within the inguinal canal of a female?
Ligamentum Teres, Ilioinguinal Nerve, Deep Inguinal Ring
What lies within the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal Fluid
Name the two sacs of the peritoneum?
Greater and Lesser
Which passage links the greater and lesser sacs?
Epiploic Foramen
Name some retroperitoneal organs?
Suprarenal Glands Aorta Duodenum (2nd and 3rd segments) Pancreas Ureters Colon (Ascending and Descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
Name some intraperitoneal organs?
Stomach Transverse Colon Rectum (upper 1/3) Appendix Pancreas Tail Sigmoid Colon
Spleen
Small Intestinal
Duodenum (1st segment)
The greater omentum is connected to which two organs?
Greater curvature of stomach -> transverse colon
The lesser omentum is attached to which two organs?
Liver to lesser curvature of stomach
What nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum?
T6-12 and L1
What nerves innervate the visceral peritoneum?
Autonomic Nerves
What muscles lie within the posterior abdominal wall?
The iliacus, psoas major and Quadratus Lumborum
Which organs and tubes lie within the posterior abdominal wall?
The descending aorta, the kidneys an the ascending colon
What are the main vessels within the posterior abdominal wall?
The IVC and abdominal aorta
What nerves lie within the posterior abdominal wall?
Subcostal nerves and lumbar plexus
What are the three major openings within the diaphragm?
Caval, Aortic and Oesophageal Hiatus
What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta which supply the abdominopelvic cavity?
Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into the common iliac arteries?
L4
How is the IVC formed in the abdomen?
By the union of common iliac veins
At what vertebral level does the celiac artery arise?
T12
At what vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?
L1
At what vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?
L3
Which blood vessel supplied the foregut?
The celiac artery
Which blood vessel supplied the midgut?
The superior mesenteric artery
Which blood vessel supplied the hindgut?
The inferior mesenteric artery
The foregut formed which strucures?
Stomach, liver, pancreas, bile duct, abdominal part of the oesophagus
The midgut formed which structures?
The duodenum, the ileum, part of the jejunum,appendix, caecum
The hindgut formed which structures?
The descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the anal canal and rectum
The portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins of the abdominal cavity?
Splenic Veins and Superior Mesenteric Vein
Name the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body?
Distal oesophagus, anorectal veins, paraumbillical region, retroperitoneal veins
What nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?
Abdomiopelvic splanchnic veins, prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, abdominal aorta plexuses
What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?
Vagal trunks, pelvic splanchnic nerves
Where to sympathetic nerve synapse?
SYNAPSE ONTO CHAIN
Where do parasympathetic nerves synapse?
Directly onto organ
Where do the kidneys lie?
T12-L3 on posterior abdominal wall
What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?
Endocrine
Where is the suprarenal gland?
Between the superior aspect of the kidney and the crura of the diaphragm
What is the function of ureters?
To carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
What is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter?
The renal pelvis
Where is the ureter constricted?
At the pelviuteric junction, where ureters cross brim of pelvic inlet, during their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder
What structures go through the oesophageal hiatus?
Oesophagus, vagus,branches of the left gastric artery and the phrenic nerve
What vein drains the abdominal part of the oesophagus?
The left gastric vein
What artery supplies the abdominal part of the oesophagus ?
Branches of the left gastric artery
Name the two orifices of the stomach
The pyloric and cardiac orifice
Name the two curvatures of the stomach
The greater and the lesser
Where does the pyloric sphincter lie?
Between the pyloris and the duodenum
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
To help move stomach contents into the small intestine
What are gastric folds formed from?
Mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach
Where are ruggae most prominent?
Along the greater curvature and the pyloric region
Where do the bile and pancreatic ducts open into?
The duodenum
Where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine?
Bile duct opening
In which part of the small intestine do the arterial arcades have many loops?
The ileum
Name three features of the large intestine which are absent in the small intestine
Large Intestine contains haustra, teniae coli and omental appendices
What parts of the large intestine are retroperitoneal?
Caecum, Ascending Colon, Descending Colon
What parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal?
Transverse colon, sigmoid colon
Which two structures open into the cavity of caecum?
Ileum and appendix
What supplies the superior 1/3 of the rectum?
Terminal Branch of Inferior Mesenteric
What supplies the middle 1/3 of the rectum?
Internal Iliac Artery
What supplies the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?
Internal Pudendal Arterty
What vein drains the superior 1/3 of the rectum?
Superior Rectal Vein
What vein drains the middle 1/3 of the rectum?
Middle Rectal Vein
What vein drains the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?
Inferior Rectal Vein
The hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are parts of which omentum?
The lesser omentum
What is the falciform ligament?
The ligament which attaches the liver to the anterior body wall
What lies within the falciform ligament?
The ligamentum teres and paraumbilical veins
Where does the portal triad lie?
The free edge of the Lesser Omentum
What are located in the gastric pits?
Parietal and chief cells, mucous cells and gastric glands
What kind of epithelium is located on the surface of the microvilli?
Simple Columnar
What type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae?
Smooth
What do Brunners glands secrete?
HCO3.
What is the transpyloric plane?
An imaginary horizontal plane halfway between the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the pubis symphysis
What structures lie in the transpyloric plane?
Pylorus, duodenum, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys
What is the function of the spleen ?
To filter blood. To store RBC’s, platelets, WBC’s, réserve iron and phagocytosis
What lies within the hilum of the spleen?
The splenic vein, splenic artery, gastrosplenic ligament and lymphatic vessels
Where does the pancreatic duct open?
Major duodenal papilla
The ligamentum teres is a remnant of which embryological structure?
The umbilical vein
Name the three structures in the porta hepatis
Portal Vein, L and R Hepatic Ducts, L and R branches of Hepatic Artery
What does the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consist of ?
Hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gall bladder, cystic duct and bile ducts
Where is bile produced ?
The liver
Where is bile stored ?
The gall bladder
What fold of peritoneum is folded around the structures which lie within the porta hepatis?
Lesser omentum
What is the function of bile ?
To dissolve fat and fat soluble vitamins
Which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gall bladder ?
9th right
Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
Splenic vein
What is the anatomy behind a direct inguinal hernia?
Protrudes through Hesselbach triangle. Passes medial to the inferior epigastric artery
What is the anatomy behind an indirect inguinal hernia?
Protrudes through the inguinal ring. Passes lateral to inferior epigastric artery
What is the cause of a direct inguinal hernia?
Defect/weakness in transversalis fascia area of Hesselbach triangle
What is the cause of an indirect inguinal hernia?
Failure of processus vaginalis to close
What is the anatomy behind a femoral hernia?
Protrudes below inguinal ligament, lateral to pubic tubercle
