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Pathophysiology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the GI system?

A
  • Ingest
  • Transport
  • Absorb nutrients
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2
Q

Why is the GI tract susceptible , and how does this compare to the respiratory tract?

A

Both the GI and respiratory tract are open to the environment
-Susceptible for invasion by microbes

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3
Q

What are examples of your bodies defenses that help protect your GI and respiratory tract?

A
  • MALT
  • Acidic Stomach
  • Normal flora (to outcompete most ingested microbes)
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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract? (inner to outer)

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscle (longitudinal and circular)
  • Serosa
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5
Q

Describe the function of teeth

A

Teeth break down food by tearing and grinding it

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6
Q

Describe the function of saliva (what does it specifically start to break down?)

A

Saliva begins carbohydrate digestion

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7
Q

Describe how food gets to the stomach?

A

Esophagus moves food bolus to the stomach via peristalsis

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8
Q

What are the 3 things that are leased by the stomach?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Pepsinogen
  • Gastrin
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9
Q

What does pepsinogen do?

A

Begins protein digestion

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10
Q

What does gastrin do?

A
  • Stimulates gastric acid secretion
  • Stimulates pancreatic enzyme release
  • Liver bile production
  • Intestinal peristalsis
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11
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A
  • Inhibits somatotropin
  • Inhibits insulin secretion
  • Gastrin secretion
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12
Q

What produces Somatostatin?

A

Pancreas

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13
Q

The small intestine receives 3 components to help in digestion?

A
  • Bile

- Pancreatic lipase/amylase

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14
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsify fat

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15
Q

What does pancreatic amylase and lipase do?

A

Fat and carbohydrate digestion

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16
Q

What allows the SI to absorb large amounts?

A

Large surface area with villi and microvilli for ABSORPTION

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17
Q

What does the LI do?

A
  • Absorb water and electrolytes

- Compacts feces and transports them to the rectum for storage

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18
Q

Where are wastes emptied from?

A

the Anus

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19
Q

Describe the mesentery

A

-Double layered sheet of peritoneum that SUSPENDS THE BOWEL and ATTACHES IT TO THE BODY WALL

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20
Q

What provides a path for arteries and veins to an from the GI tract?

A

Mesentery

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21
Q

These are macroscopic folds in the SI that help add to the increase in surface area?

A

Plicae

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22
Q

_____ are numerous and on the mucosal surface

A

Villi

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23
Q

The small intestine also contains _________

A

Submucosal collections of lymphoid tissue (Peyer patches)

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24
Q

What covers each villus?

A

Columnar epithelial cells with a “BRUSH BORDER” of microvilli
(Further increases surface area)

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25
Q

These are mucus secreting cells that are spread out in the intestinal epithelium

A

Goblet cells

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26
Q

_______ is caused by bacteria that erode enamel and invade tooth structure (arguably the most common disease in the world).

A

Caries

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27
Q

______ results from bacterial invasion of gingival pockets around the tooth root

A

Periodontal disease

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28
Q

______ is inflammation of the superficial gums, leading to retraction and exposure of the root

A

Gingivitis

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29
Q

What is the root cause of periodontitis

A

Bacterial invasion downward into the soft tissues around the tooth root

30
Q

These are small shallow ulcers of unknown etiology that heal quickly
-Also known are Canker sores

A

Aphthous ulcers

31
Q

T/F- Most people have been infected by oral herpesvirus by age 5

A

True

32
Q

Why/how does reactivation of oral herpesvirus occur?

A
  • Reactivation as cold sores or fever blisters
  • Actually represent the reactivation and replication of the dormant virus from within the nerve tissue (usually the trigeminal ganglion)
33
Q

What are 3 main causes of thrush?

A
  • Immunocomprimised
  • On corticosteroids
  • Antibiotic therapy
34
Q

Can you scrape off thrush?

A

Yes

35
Q

This is a white patch of oral squamous mucosa

A

Leukoplakia

36
Q

What can leukoplakia lead to?

A

-Squamous cell carcinoma

37
Q

What are the major risk factors for leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Smoking

- Alcohol abuse

38
Q

What areas in the mouth are these located and often missed on examination?

A
  • Under the tongue on the floor of the oral cavity

- Survival rates here are worse than the lip

39
Q

This is inflammation of the salivary glands

A

Sialadenitis

40
Q

What causes sialadenitis?

A

-Sialolith (calcified stone most common in SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND)

41
Q

What are other causes of sialadentis?

A
  • Bacteria (S. aureus)
  • Virus (mumps-effects parotid gland- but yes vaccine)
  • Autoimmune
42
Q

This is a salivary and lacrimal gland autoimmune inflammation

A

Sjögren syndrome

43
Q

What are S&S for Sjögren syndrome

A
  • Dry eyes

- Dry mouth

44
Q

This is a tumor, mostly benign, of the salivary glands

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

45
Q

What salivary gland is most effected by pleomorphic adenoma

A

Parotid gland- removal is difficult because due to the fear of damaging facial nerves

46
Q

What are some symptoms of esophageal disease?

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Odynophagia (pain with swallowing)
  • Hematemesis (bleeding)
47
Q

______ is a spastic (increased muscle tone) condition of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

Achalasia

48
Q

What does Achalasia produce?

A
  • Functional partial obstruction in the lower esophagus

- Causes dysphagia and esophageal pain

49
Q

______ is a protrusion of the cardia region of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity

A

Hiatal hernia

50
Q

What are S&S for hiatal hernias?

A
  • Dysphagia

- Pyrosis (heartburn)

51
Q

________ is lacerations in the esophagus secondary to retching/vomiting (e.g. bulimia, alcoholism).

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

52
Q

This is esophageal rupture

A

Boerhaave syndrome

53
Q

_______ are dilated veins due to re-routing of blood from the portal circulation back to the systemic circulation (they form for the same reasons that hemorrhoids form)

A

Esophageal varices

54
Q

Patients with ______ often have esophageal varices

A

Cirrhosis

55
Q

Describe why esophageal varices occur in cirrhosis

A
  • Lower esophagus veins drain into the IVC or gastric/portal vein
  • Goes through the liver
  • Liver becomes fibrotic in cirrhosis
  • Back up of portal blood
  • Increased pressure
  • Reverses flow
  • Esophageal veins become more dilated and prone to rupture
56
Q
  • Most common GI disorder

- Backward movement of gastric contents to the esophagus

A

GERD

57
Q

Fancy word for heart burn

A

Pyrosis

58
Q

What are some risks for GERD

A
  • Large meals
  • Fatty meals
  • EtOH
  • Caffeine
  • Smoking
  • Chocolate
  • Hiatal hernia
59
Q

Explain the progression from normal to Barretts esophagus

A
  • Weak esophageal sphincter
  • Reflux of gastric contents
  • Mucosal injury
  • Inflammation and hyperemia
  • Metaplasia aka Barretts esophagus
60
Q

Normal esophagus epithelium= _______ cells

A

Squamous epithelium

61
Q

Normal stomach epithelium= _______ cells

A

Columnar cells

62
Q

S&S of Barretts esophagus

A
  • Painful
  • Narrowing because of fibrous scars
  • ulcers
  • Adenocarcinoma
63
Q

Risk factors for Barretts esophagus

A
  • Smoking

- Alcohol abuse

64
Q

What is the most common cancer from Barretts esophagus?

A

-Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

65
Q

This is inflammation of the gastric mucosa

A

Gastritis

66
Q

What cause gastritis?

A
  • Aspirin
  • NSAIDS
  • Excessive alcohol
67
Q

Pathogenesis of gastritis

A
  • Mucosal breakdown and repeated acid injury
  • Acute inflammatory response
  • Widespread necrosis
  • Erosions develop
  • Bleeding may occur
68
Q

These are multiple superficial ulcers in patients with brain injury

A

Acute gastric ulcers

69
Q

What color is the blood on the ulcers surface in an acute gastric stress ulcer

A

Black- due to the acid environment

70
Q

Are acute stress ulcers superficial or deep?

A

Superficial

71
Q

What causes acute gastric erosions?

A
  • Severe trauma
  • Sepsis
  • Major surgery
  • Grave Illnesses
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Extensive burns
  • CNS trauma or surgery
  • Chronic NSAID or corticosteroid use

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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