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Pathophysiology > Cells and Repair > Flashcards

Cells and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells arise from?

A

A zygote

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2
Q

What 3 types of tissues does the zygote differenciate to?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
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3
Q

What does the ectoderm differentiate into?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Epidermis
  4. Brain
  5. Nerves
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4
Q

What does the endoderm differentiate into?

A
  1. Mucosa (internal lining) of the intestinal and respiratory tracts
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
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5
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into?

A
  1. Dermis (Deep layer of the skin)
  2. Bone
  3. Skeletal Muscle
  4. Blood vessels
  5. Smooth Muscle
  6. Pleura
  7. Peritonium
  8. Pericardium
  9. Kidneys
  10. Gonads
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6
Q

The most potent stem cells have the broadest/narrowest powers?

A

Broadest (they can give rise to an entire organism or any particular cell in the body)

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7
Q

This stem cell can give rise to an entire organism or any particular cell in the body

A

Totipotent Stem cells

ex. Zygote (and the first 8 cells that arise from the zygote)

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8
Q

This stem cell can produce any type of tissue (ex. heart, brain, liver, skin) but cannot form an entire new human being

A

Pluripotent Stem Cell

AKA Embryonic stem cells

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9
Q

This type of stem cell can produce more specialized cells and a limited range of cells

A

Multipotent Stem Cells

ex. Mesenchymal Stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells

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10
Q

What kind of division do stem cells have?

A

Asymmetric division

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11
Q

What does asymmetric division mean?

A

The stem cells are not alike…

  1. Becomes a new stem cell
  2. Becomes a more specialized cell
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12
Q

T/F: Stem cells persist into adulthood?

A

True

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13
Q

This type of tissue has many cells in the cell cycle at any given moment.

  • The cells of this tissue divide frequently
  • Need ongoing replenishment b/c they are constantly damaged or exposed
A

Liable tissues

ex. epithelial skin, urinary tract, GI tract

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14
Q

This type of tissue only has a few cells in the cell cycle at any given moment

  • cells don’t divide very frequently
  • they can increase cell production when needed (injury)
A

Stable tissues

ex. liver, pancreas, smooth muscle cell

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15
Q

This type of tissue have very few or no cells in the cell cycle
-have few/no stem cells

A

Permanent Stem Cells

ex. brain, skeletal muscle, cardiac

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16
Q

What are some ways that cells can be injured…?

A 
Anoxia
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Physical
Chemical 
Toxins
Microbes
Inflammation
Nutrition 
Genetic/Metabolic 
Aging
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17
Q

Severe injury leads to what?

A

Cell death- necrosis

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18
Q

What are the 3 phases of Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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19
Q

What does stimulating proto-oncogenes do?

A

Allows for mitotic condition

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20
Q

What geneso Suppresses mitosis
o Allows for correction in damaged DNA
o Stimulates by damage then suppresses growth to stay in the G1/S phase

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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21
Q

List some ways that cells can be injured?

A
  • Anoxia
  • Hypoxia
  • Ischemia
  • Physical/Chemical/Radiation
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22
Q

Define atrophy

A
  • The cell shuts down its metabolic processes to conserve energy
  • 2 types of atrophy
  • Decreased size and function
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23
Q

What are the 2 types of atrophy

A
  1. Physiologic Atrophy- normal part of life- shrinking of the thymus gland
  2. Pathologic Atrophy- lack of disuse or lack of physiologic support
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24
Q

Characteristics/Causes of atrophy

A 
Decreased functional demand
Not enough oxygen
Insufficent nutrients
Aging
Inter. of trophic cells
Chronic cell injury
Increased pressure
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25
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

 Increased cellular size and function/workload
 Increase in work load, neuroendocrine stimulators
 Often seen in muscles because they have few stem cells (Permanent Tissue) which means it can’t grow new cells so it needs to enlarge current cells

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26
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

 Enlargement of an organ/tissue caused by the increase of the reproduction rate of its cells
 Ex. Due to hormonal stimulation or chronic injury or increased functional demand

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27
Q

Define metaphasia

A

 The irreversible change of one cell type into another caused by chronic injury
 Common in epithelial cells- because they are short lived and being replenished
 One cell type differentiated into a new cell type

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28
Q

Define dysplasia

A

 The enlargement of an organ/tissue by the proliferation of abnormal cells
 Disordered growth
 Variation in size and shape of the cells, nuclear enlargements, hyperchromatism (darkened DNA- darker colors) chaotic look

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29
Q

Persistent Injury: increases or decreases risk for dysplasia

A

Increases

30
Q

Characteristics of Apoptosis

A

 Natural, NORMAL, programed cell death
 Physiologic normal response
 Does not stimulate inflammatory response
 Usually in single cells

31
Q

Characteristics of Necrosis

A 
	Pathologic death of cells because of injury
	Stimulates inflammatory response 
	Not normal
	Due to some sort of injury
	Usually in blocks of cells
32
Q

Types of Necrosis

A
  • Coagulative Necrosis
  • Liquefactive Necrosis
  • Causeous Necrosis
  • Fat Necrosis
33
Q

Define Coagulative Necrosis

A

gel like change in blocks of freshly dead cells
 The artitecture is still intact but the cells are dead
 Ischemia is the most common cause
 Most common type of necrosis
 Hallmark: Preserved structure
 Irreversable
 Ex. Heart muscle- still have the heart structure but there are no active cells

34
Q

Define Liquefactive Necrosis

A

cell death in which the dead tissue dissolves into fluid
 Abscesses
 Dead tissue and cells that dissolve within
 Cavity that has been dissolved in the fluid

35
Q

Define Causeous Necrosis

A

variant form of coagulative necrosis with limited liquefaction and obliterated cellular tissue\
 Cheese like appearance
 Tuberculosis

36
Q

Define Fat Necrosis

A

specialized form of necrosis that only occurs in fat
 Pancreatitis
 Necrosis in dead fat tissue
 Exposes free fatty acids that combine with calcium that forms a soap like appearance
 Severe trauma

37
Q

What are the Intracellular Accumulations for Chronic Stress/Injury

A
  • Fat
  • Water
  • Cholesterol
  • Protein
  • Pigments
  • Environmental Particles
38
Q

Examples of cholesterol accumulation

A

o In the cells of arteries

o Atherosclerosis

39
Q

Examples of protein accumulation

A

o Misfolded/Abnormal Proteins in disease
o Lead to degradation
o Alzheimer’s disease

40
Q

Examples of Pigment accumulation

A

o Demonstrates “wear and tear”

o Lipofuscin

41
Q

Examples of Environmental particle accumulation

A

o Inhaled particles that collect in lungs
o Carbon molecules impair the cell functions of the lungs
o Cigarette smoke

42
Q

Examples of fat accumulation

A 
o	Lots in the liver 
o	“Fatty Liver”
o	Cause is alcohol
o	Steatosis
o	Chronic or acute injury
o	Alcohol increases fatty acid synthesis so myocardial oxidation increases, increasing triglyceride production, so liver can’t let out triglycerides 
o	REVERSIBLE if you remove the reagent 
o	Can happen after one time
o	If sustained it can lead to chronic illness
o	Even obesity can lead to fatty liver
43
Q

Examples of water accumulation

A

o Hydropic swelling
o Reversible once the cause is removed
o Disruption in the sodium pump cells
 Sodium is high outside the cell, K is high inside the cell

44
Q

What are some examples of lysosomal storage disorders

A 
•	Hurler disease
•	Phenylketonuria (PKU)
•	Wilson Disease
•	Hepatic Encephalopathy
Tay-Sachs disease
45
Q

What are the types of inflammation?

A
  • Acute

- Chronic

46
Q

Acute characteristics

A
  • Short lived
  • Lasts a few days
  • Brief Injury results in acute inflammation
47
Q

Chronic characteristics

A
  • Mild, longer termed injury that lasts a few years

- Persistent Injury  results in chronic inflammation

48
Q

Why inflammation?

A
  • Normal response of the body
  • The goal of inflammation is to return to a normal functioning tissue
  • Limits extent of injury
  • Neutralize the offending force
  • Eliminate the cause of injury
  • Initiate the repair process
49
Q

What cells are used in acute inflammation

A

 Neutrophils
• main inflammatory cells in acute inflammation
 Platelets
 Mast Cells

50
Q

What cells are used in chronic inflammation

A

 Macrophages
• Phagocytes
 Lymphocytes
• Main inflammatory cells of chronic inflammation
 Plasma Cells
• B cells that are actively making antibodies

51
Q

What are the major cells in acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils

52
Q

What are the major cells in chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

What are the 3 types of signalling

A
  • Paracrine- molecules released by cells that act on nearby cells
  • Autocrine- signals that act back on the generating cell
  • Endocrine- signals that travel through the blood stream
54
Q

What are the steps of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Injury Occurs
  2. Immediate vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
    a. More blood volume- slower speed though because the vessel is so enlarged
  3. Capillaries become permeable (causing edema)
  4. Neutrophils migrate and accumulate
  5. Monocytes and Macrophages
  6. Exudate Accumulates (inflammatory fluid)
  7. Plasma begins to clot
55
Q

S&S of acute inflammation

A

 Redness
 Edema
 Pain
 Heat

56
Q

Define acute inflammatory exudate

A

accumulation of fluid and white blood cells at the injured site
- Accumulates in several anatomical patterns…

57
Q

What are the 3 types of Acute Inflammatory Exudate

A
  1. Serous
  2. Fibrinous
  3. Suppurative
58
Q
  • Mild, short term inflammation

- Water filled, low proteins, inflammatory cells (Blisters from sunburn)

A

Serous Inflammatory Exudate

59
Q
  • Follows severe injury
  • High protein and fibrin content
  • Thicker and wetter
  • More neutrophils
  • Scab is an example
A

Fibrinous Inflammatory Exudate

60
Q
  • Severe acute injury
  • Seen in liquefactive necrosis
  • Lots of pus
  • Lots of necrotic debris and neutrophils
A

Suppurative Inflammation

61
Q

What are the consequences of acute inflammation?

A
  • Complete resolution- changes due to the degree of injury
  • Scarring- occurs with severe or repeated acute inflammation
  • Abscess
  • Chronic Inflammation- if irritant isn’t removed
62
Q

Characteristics of chronic inflammation

A
  • Lasts weeks to years

- Lots of lymphocytes and macrophages

63
Q

What are the 3 causes of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Persistent Infection
  2. Autoimmune disease
  3. Persistent Injury
64
Q
  • Central area of necrosis with lots of macrophages in a certain area
  • Cause inflammatory nodules that are called granulomas
  • Adjacent macrophages aggregate to form huge cells with abundant cytoplasm with many macrophage nuclei
  • Result of chronic inflammation
A

Granulomatous Inflammation

65
Q

Inflammation beyond the site of injury

A
  1. Systemic
  2. Involvement of the lymphatic system
  3. Production of reactant proteins
66
Q

What are the 3 steps in the repair process

A
  1. Cell migration
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Scar development
67
Q

What happens during cell migration

A

o Leukocytes go to the wound to minimize damage and clear debris
o Leukocytes produce cytokines that stimulate migration and proliferation of myofibroblast
 Myofibroblasts produce collagen to knit back the pieces and provide other raw materials
o Angioblasts sprout

68
Q

What happens during ANGIOGENESIS

A

o The growth of new blood vessels into the wound
o New blood vessels to carry oxygen and nutrients to the site that needs it
o Under the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor
o Essentialllll!!

69
Q

What happens during scar development

A

o Form granuloma tissue- highly vascularized (when you pick off a scab and it is very sensitive to breathing)
o Fresh and fragile- bleeds easily
o Forms by fibroblasts and new capillaries
o Collagen accumulates
o Scar development

70
Q

Define first intention

A
  • Small, narrow wound

- Like a paper cut or surgical incision

71
Q

Define second intention

A
  • Longer to heal- same process as first intention- it just takes longer
    o More dead tissue to be removed
    o Regeneration is slower because the wound is wider
  • More fiber to thicken
  • Like deep skin burns or intestinal ulcers
72
Q

What are factors that influence healing?

A

-Poor Nutrition
-Steriod Drugs
-Foreign objects
-Mechanical Forces
-

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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