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Pathophysiology > Disorders of the Immune System > Flashcards

Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

A special function of lymphocytes and marcophages that defend the body against foreign (non-self) threats, mainly microbes by attacking and destroying the foreign substance with the purpose of preventing or limiting reactions

A

Immunity

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2
Q

the body will attack its own tissues in addition to foreign ones

A

Autoimmunity

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3
Q

What are examples of non-self mechanisms- physical barriers

A

Skin

Sclera

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4
Q

What protects the respiratory tract?

A

o Have a mucus film that catches microbes that we breath in

o If microbes get in they are swept upward to the throat by bronchial cilia

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5
Q

What protects the GI system?

A

o Protective layer of mucus and cilia

o Gastric acid

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6
Q

What protects the genitourinary system?

A

o Sterile urine helps flush things out

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7
Q

What are characteristics of the lymphatic system?

A
  • House and support immune cells
  • Filter tissue fluid for non-self content
  • Absorb dietary fats and deliver them to the blood
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8
Q

Primary lymph organs (2)

A
  • Bone Marrow

- Thymus

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9
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  • Tonsils
  • Lymph nodes
  • Specialized lymph nodules
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10
Q

originate in the capillaries and absorb fluid from interstitial space

A

Lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

Identical to interstitial fluid

A

Lymph fluid

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12
Q

small lymphoid organs composed of immune cells

- Also trap malignant tumor cells that spread from one tissue to another

A

Lymph nodes

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13
Q
  • Nodules of immune system cells that are situated at sites where pathogens frequently enter the body
  • Seen in the respiratory and GI tracts
A

Mucosal-Associated Lymph Tissue

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue in the spleen?

A

Red Pulp and White Pulp

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15
Q
  • Broad venous spaces filled with slow moving blood, lymphocytes, and macrophages- old cells are removed and nonself content is detected
  • Filters red blood cells
A

Red Pulp

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16
Q
  • Nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Function like lymph nodes to filter blood for non-self content
  • Filters blood and helps fight against infection
A

White Pulp

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17
Q

This is your bodies natural immunity

  • present at birth
  • Does not require prior exposure
  • Fast response
A

Innate Immunity

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18
Q
  • Acquired immunity
  • Slower- needs to be programed
  • Specific response to specific invader
A

Adaptive Immunity

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19
Q

What response is your immune response?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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20
Q

is a substance capable of starting an adaptive immune response
o Almost all are non-self proteins

A

Antigens

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21
Q

small protein molecules that stimulate an immune response by combining with a normal protein and when they are combined the combination becomes non-self

A

Haptens

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22
Q

This response is…
o Initial reaction to antigen exposure
o Takes about a week because the antigen is foreign

A

Primary Immune Response

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23
Q

This response is quicker because the immune system has memorized the first encounter

A

Secondary Immune Response

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24
Q

These cells are large and phagocytic, they circulate freely and migrate to all tissues and they capture antigens and prepare them for presentation to the T-lymphocytes

A

Macrophages

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25
Q

These cells capture antigens and prepare them for presentation to T lymphocytes
-Metabolizes the immune system to identify and attack the antigen

A

Antigen presenting cells

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26
Q

These are the effector cells of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

These cells are part of the adaptive system

  • They migrate to the thymus and mature there
  • Agents of cellular/delayed/adaptive immune response
A

T lymphocytes

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28
Q

These cells are part of the adaptive system

  • Stay in the bone marrow and mature there
  • Agents of the humoral/antibody/adaptive immune response
A

B lymphocytes

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29
Q

These cells are part of the innate immune response

  • They are speedy and aggressive
  • Instantly recognize, attack, and kill bad cells
A

NK cells (Natural Killer Cells)

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30
Q

When are antibodies produced?

A

In response to freely circulating antigen from extracellular threats

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31
Q

What is the response of the B cells?

A
  • B cells activate and turn into plasma cells

- Some turn into memory B cells

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32
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Antibody secreting B cells that reproduce a clone of identical cells to amplify their antibody producing power

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33
Q

What is the role of memory B cells?

A

Recognize the antigen in case it appears again

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34
Q

What cells signal that more cells need to be called to action?

A

Helper T cells

35
Q

What is the type of protein that comprises antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulin

36
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

G, A, M, E, D

37
Q

What are characteristics of IgM?

A
  • The Mother Ship
  • Largest immunoglobulin
  • First responder
  • Produced rapidally
  • Provides initial reaction while IgG are getting ready
  • NOT PERMINENT IMMUNITY
38
Q

When are IgM levels high?

A

During initial exposure

39
Q

What are characteristics of IgG?

A
  • Smallest and most abundant immunoglobulin
  • Permanent immunity against reinfection
  • Have been exposed for a while but it happens to happen again
40
Q

What is a titer?

A

A specific number of antibody that when it is too low- your body is not immune anymore and you need a booster shot

41
Q

What is IgA?

A
  • Most abundant where MALT is

- High concentration in milk and tears

42
Q

What are characteristics of IgD?

A
  • Does not appear in the blood

- Bound to the membrane of B-lymphocytes

43
Q

What are characteristics of IgE cells?

A
  • Attaches to Mast cells

- PRESENT IN ALERGIC REACTIONS

44
Q

What are the 4 ways antibodies are effective?

A
  • Neutralize the function of antigens
  • Cause cell death by lysis
  • Initiate an inflammatory response
  • Make microbe susectable to phagocytosis
  • Antigen and antibody combine and it stimulates an inflammatory response by stimulating the compliment system
45
Q

Production of antibodies by the persons own immune system?

A

Active immunity

46
Q

Production of antibodies by injection or from mom to baby

A

Passive Immunity

47
Q

Describe T-lymphocyte immunity

A
  • T cells are only stimulated by contact with the antigen bound to the cell membrane
  • T cells have to migrate to the site of the offending antigen and attack it
  • Takes time
  • Delayed immunity
48
Q

What are the types of T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Helper T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
  • Memory T cells
49
Q

These cells target and destroy cells that the immune system has identified as bad

  • Suppresses unnecessary antibody production to prevent autoimmune disease
  • CD8 comes in contact with the antigen to kill
A

Cytotoxic T cells

50
Q

These cells facilitate immune responses of B and other T cells
-Have a CD4 receptor cell that comes in contact with the macrophage

A

Helper T cells

51
Q

These cells organize the shutting down of the immune response after successful defense to prevent against autoimmune disease

A

Suppressor T cells

52
Q

These cells enable the cellular immune system to activate a rapid secondary immune response (after already been exposed to the antigen)

A

Memory T cells

53
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  1. Immediate hypersensitivity
  2. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
  3. Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity
  4. Cellular hypersensitivity
54
Q

This is an exaggerated immune response to a foreign material

A

Allergy

55
Q

This is any substance that induces an allergic reaction

A

Allergen

56
Q

This is an allergy due to a Type 1 Sensitivity

-causes asthma, hives, and exema

A

Atopy

57
Q

This disorder results in the self antigens being attacked

A

Autoimmune disease

58
Q

This happens when antigens mimic similar self antigens

A

Molecular mimicry

59
Q

What are 2 examples of Molecular Mimicry

A

Strep throat and rheumatic fever

60
Q

Molecular mimicry is similar to what type of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

61
Q

Characteristics of Lupus

A
  • Type 3 immunoglobulin
  • Antigens and antibodies are deposited in different areas
  • More common in females
  • Common in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life
62
Q

What parts of the body does lupus effect?

A

Kidney, Skin, Bone Marrow, joints

63
Q

What are clinical findings of lupus?

A

Baldness, skin rashes, eye issues, kidney problems

64
Q

Characteristics of osteoarthritis?

A
  • Due to wear and tear
  • Degeneration of joint and synovial fluid
  • Loss of cartilage results in the rubbing of bone on bone
  • Can be genetic
  • Worse at night (because of the days work)
65
Q

Joint changes in osteoarthritis

A
  • Bone spurs
  • Impinge on the nerves
  • Lose synovial membrane, cartilage, and joint space
66
Q

Characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Effects the synovial space
  • Lose cartilage because of the immune response
  • Swollen, red, and hot
  • Worse in the morning
  • Lateral dilation toward the ulna
  • Painful nodules within the joint spaces
67
Q

Characteristics of gout

A
  • Elevation in uric acid that crystalizes and deposits in the body
  • Usually in the big toe
68
Q

What are risk factors for gout?

A
  • Alcohol drinkers
  • People who eat food that is high in purine
  • People who have diabetes
  • People who have kidney disease
69
Q

Describe uric acid levels during an acute flair?

A

At first, uric acid levels are low during an actue flair but after that they start to elevate (can be misleading)

70
Q

Characteristics of Myastenia gravis

A
  • Acquired autoimmune disease
  • Type 2 (Cytotoxic-self as non self)
  • Blockage of ACE receptors and decreases ACE uptake
  • Effects the neuromuscular junction
71
Q

Characteristics of Scleroderma

A
  • Effects connective tissue and you get tightening of the skin
  • Effects esophagus- get dysphagia, and esophageal dysmobility
  • Hand use limitations
72
Q

Characteristics of amyloidosis

A
  • Dysfunction associated with systemic deposition of amyloid protein
  • Local amyloid deposits in other organs
  • proteins are misfolded or mutant
  • Structure and function of organs are impaired
  • Have inflammatory response
73
Q

This blood type is the universal recipient

A

AB

74
Q

This blood type is the universal donor

A

O

75
Q

What do they look for in blood type testing?

A

Agglutination

76
Q

Characteristics of AIDS

A
  • Affects the T lymphocytes
  • Infects the T helper cells
  • Direct attack on T helper cells and these cells delegate all of the other cells so if they are damaged- it suppresses all of the other cells too
77
Q

What cells start to compensate for the suppressed T cells?

A

The B cells (the B cells are somewhat dependent on T cell immunity)

78
Q

What is a diagnostic measure to check to determine if your patient has HIV/AIDS

A

The CD4 count is less than 200

79
Q

What are signs (objective/seen) of AIDS?

A
  • Opportunistic infections
  • B cell lymphoma of the brain
  • Anorexia
  • Look ill
  • Body is wasting away
80
Q

What do MHC 1 glycoproteins do?

A

MHC 1 gylcoproteins display antigens synthesized inside a virus infected cell

or

In a healthy cell MCH 1 display normal self antigens (im safe don’t eat me)

81
Q

What message do MHC 1 cells get across?

A

MCH 1 cells tell other cells whether the cell is self and should not be killed or whether the cell is not self and it should be killed

82
Q

Where are MCH 2 complexes present?

A

On the surfaces of macrophages and dendritic cells

83
Q

What message does the MCH 2 glycoprotein display?

A

The MCH 2 displays the antigen (like a wanted poster)

84
Q

What is an example of a hapten reaction and why?

A

Poison ivy- Non-protein molecules can stimulate an immune reaction by combining with normal self protein— this combination then becomes non self

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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