Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards
A special function of lymphocytes and marcophages that defend the body against foreign (non-self) threats, mainly microbes by attacking and destroying the foreign substance with the purpose of preventing or limiting reactions
Immunity
the body will attack its own tissues in addition to foreign ones
Autoimmunity
What are examples of non-self mechanisms- physical barriers
Skin
Sclera
What protects the respiratory tract?
o Have a mucus film that catches microbes that we breath in
o If microbes get in they are swept upward to the throat by bronchial cilia
What protects the GI system?
o Protective layer of mucus and cilia
o Gastric acid
What protects the genitourinary system?
o Sterile urine helps flush things out
What are characteristics of the lymphatic system?
- House and support immune cells
- Filter tissue fluid for non-self content
- Absorb dietary fats and deliver them to the blood
Primary lymph organs (2)
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Tonsils
- Lymph nodes
- Specialized lymph nodules
originate in the capillaries and absorb fluid from interstitial space
Lymphatic vessels
Identical to interstitial fluid
Lymph fluid
small lymphoid organs composed of immune cells
- Also trap malignant tumor cells that spread from one tissue to another
Lymph nodes
- Nodules of immune system cells that are situated at sites where pathogens frequently enter the body
- Seen in the respiratory and GI tracts
Mucosal-Associated Lymph Tissue
What are the 2 types of tissue in the spleen?
Red Pulp and White Pulp
- Broad venous spaces filled with slow moving blood, lymphocytes, and macrophages- old cells are removed and nonself content is detected
- Filters red blood cells
Red Pulp
- Nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages
- Function like lymph nodes to filter blood for non-self content
- Filters blood and helps fight against infection
White Pulp
This is your bodies natural immunity
- present at birth
- Does not require prior exposure
- Fast response
Innate Immunity
- Acquired immunity
- Slower- needs to be programed
- Specific response to specific invader
Adaptive Immunity
What response is your immune response?
Adaptive Immunity
is a substance capable of starting an adaptive immune response
o Almost all are non-self proteins
Antigens
small protein molecules that stimulate an immune response by combining with a normal protein and when they are combined the combination becomes non-self
Haptens
This response is…
o Initial reaction to antigen exposure
o Takes about a week because the antigen is foreign
Primary Immune Response
This response is quicker because the immune system has memorized the first encounter
Secondary Immune Response
These cells are large and phagocytic, they circulate freely and migrate to all tissues and they capture antigens and prepare them for presentation to the T-lymphocytes
Macrophages
These cells capture antigens and prepare them for presentation to T lymphocytes
-Metabolizes the immune system to identify and attack the antigen
Antigen presenting cells
These are the effector cells of the immune system
Lymphocytes
These cells are part of the adaptive system
- They migrate to the thymus and mature there
- Agents of cellular/delayed/adaptive immune response
T lymphocytes
These cells are part of the adaptive system
- Stay in the bone marrow and mature there
- Agents of the humoral/antibody/adaptive immune response
B lymphocytes
These cells are part of the innate immune response
- They are speedy and aggressive
- Instantly recognize, attack, and kill bad cells
NK cells (Natural Killer Cells)
When are antibodies produced?
In response to freely circulating antigen from extracellular threats
What is the response of the B cells?
- B cells activate and turn into plasma cells
- Some turn into memory B cells
What are plasma cells?
Antibody secreting B cells that reproduce a clone of identical cells to amplify their antibody producing power
What is the role of memory B cells?
Recognize the antigen in case it appears again
What cells signal that more cells need to be called to action?
Helper T cells
What is the type of protein that comprises antibodies?
Immunoglobulin
What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
G, A, M, E, D
What are characteristics of IgM?
- The Mother Ship
- Largest immunoglobulin
- First responder
- Produced rapidally
- Provides initial reaction while IgG are getting ready
- NOT PERMINENT IMMUNITY
When are IgM levels high?
During initial exposure
What are characteristics of IgG?
- Smallest and most abundant immunoglobulin
- Permanent immunity against reinfection
- Have been exposed for a while but it happens to happen again
What is a titer?
A specific number of antibody that when it is too low- your body is not immune anymore and you need a booster shot
What is IgA?
- Most abundant where MALT is
- High concentration in milk and tears
What are characteristics of IgD?
- Does not appear in the blood
- Bound to the membrane of B-lymphocytes
What are characteristics of IgE cells?
- Attaches to Mast cells
- PRESENT IN ALERGIC REACTIONS
What are the 4 ways antibodies are effective?
- Neutralize the function of antigens
- Cause cell death by lysis
- Initiate an inflammatory response
- Make microbe susectable to phagocytosis
- Antigen and antibody combine and it stimulates an inflammatory response by stimulating the compliment system
Production of antibodies by the persons own immune system?
Active immunity
Production of antibodies by injection or from mom to baby
Passive Immunity
Describe T-lymphocyte immunity
- T cells are only stimulated by contact with the antigen bound to the cell membrane
- T cells have to migrate to the site of the offending antigen and attack it
- Takes time
- Delayed immunity
What are the types of T cells?
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells
- Suppressor T cells
- Memory T cells
These cells target and destroy cells that the immune system has identified as bad
- Suppresses unnecessary antibody production to prevent autoimmune disease
- CD8 comes in contact with the antigen to kill
Cytotoxic T cells
These cells facilitate immune responses of B and other T cells
-Have a CD4 receptor cell that comes in contact with the macrophage
Helper T cells
These cells organize the shutting down of the immune response after successful defense to prevent against autoimmune disease
Suppressor T cells
These cells enable the cellular immune system to activate a rapid secondary immune response (after already been exposed to the antigen)
Memory T cells
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
- Immediate hypersensitivity
- Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity
- Cellular hypersensitivity
This is an exaggerated immune response to a foreign material
Allergy
This is any substance that induces an allergic reaction
Allergen
This is an allergy due to a Type 1 Sensitivity
-causes asthma, hives, and exema
Atopy
This disorder results in the self antigens being attacked
Autoimmune disease
This happens when antigens mimic similar self antigens
Molecular mimicry
What are 2 examples of Molecular Mimicry
Strep throat and rheumatic fever
Molecular mimicry is similar to what type of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes
Characteristics of Lupus
- Type 3 immunoglobulin
- Antigens and antibodies are deposited in different areas
- More common in females
- Common in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life
What parts of the body does lupus effect?
Kidney, Skin, Bone Marrow, joints
What are clinical findings of lupus?
Baldness, skin rashes, eye issues, kidney problems
Characteristics of osteoarthritis?
- Due to wear and tear
- Degeneration of joint and synovial fluid
- Loss of cartilage results in the rubbing of bone on bone
- Can be genetic
- Worse at night (because of the days work)
Joint changes in osteoarthritis
- Bone spurs
- Impinge on the nerves
- Lose synovial membrane, cartilage, and joint space
Characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?
- Effects the synovial space
- Lose cartilage because of the immune response
- Swollen, red, and hot
- Worse in the morning
- Lateral dilation toward the ulna
- Painful nodules within the joint spaces
Characteristics of gout
- Elevation in uric acid that crystalizes and deposits in the body
- Usually in the big toe
What are risk factors for gout?
- Alcohol drinkers
- People who eat food that is high in purine
- People who have diabetes
- People who have kidney disease
Describe uric acid levels during an acute flair?
At first, uric acid levels are low during an actue flair but after that they start to elevate (can be misleading)
Characteristics of Myastenia gravis
- Acquired autoimmune disease
- Type 2 (Cytotoxic-self as non self)
- Blockage of ACE receptors and decreases ACE uptake
- Effects the neuromuscular junction
Characteristics of Scleroderma
- Effects connective tissue and you get tightening of the skin
- Effects esophagus- get dysphagia, and esophageal dysmobility
- Hand use limitations
Characteristics of amyloidosis
- Dysfunction associated with systemic deposition of amyloid protein
- Local amyloid deposits in other organs
- proteins are misfolded or mutant
- Structure and function of organs are impaired
- Have inflammatory response
This blood type is the universal recipient
AB
This blood type is the universal donor
O
What do they look for in blood type testing?
Agglutination
Characteristics of AIDS
- Affects the T lymphocytes
- Infects the T helper cells
- Direct attack on T helper cells and these cells delegate all of the other cells so if they are damaged- it suppresses all of the other cells too
What cells start to compensate for the suppressed T cells?
The B cells (the B cells are somewhat dependent on T cell immunity)
What is a diagnostic measure to check to determine if your patient has HIV/AIDS
The CD4 count is less than 200
What are signs (objective/seen) of AIDS?
- Opportunistic infections
- B cell lymphoma of the brain
- Anorexia
- Look ill
- Body is wasting away
What do MHC 1 glycoproteins do?
MHC 1 gylcoproteins display antigens synthesized inside a virus infected cell
or
In a healthy cell MCH 1 display normal self antigens (im safe don’t eat me)
What message do MHC 1 cells get across?
MCH 1 cells tell other cells whether the cell is self and should not be killed or whether the cell is not self and it should be killed
Where are MCH 2 complexes present?
On the surfaces of macrophages and dendritic cells
What message does the MCH 2 glycoprotein display?
The MCH 2 displays the antigen (like a wanted poster)
What is an example of a hapten reaction and why?
Poison ivy- Non-protein molecules can stimulate an immune reaction by combining with normal self protein— this combination then becomes non self
