GI 4/GI 5 Flashcards
what form of carbohydrates can we absorb?
monosaccharides
What chemical initially breaks starch into maltose (disaccharide)?
salivary amylase
What chemical digests the remainder of starch to maltose (disaccharide)?
pancreatic amylase
lactose is broken down into what?
glucose and galactose
sucrose is broken down into what?
glucose and fructose
maltose is broken down into what?
glucose
What is the mainstay of treatment for infectious diarrhea?
salt, sugar and water
6 tsp. sugar: 0.5 tsp. salt: 1 liter water
The stomach is able to absorb what 2 things?
- alcohol
- aspirin
what is the most sensitive measure of pancreatitis?
- pancreatic lipase
what vitamins do you expect to be decreased if there is a bile secretion problem?
Vitamin A, D, E, K
What are the function of the micelles?
increase SA of fat globules
what cells act like macrophages in the liver lobule?
kupffer cell
What causes the rapid regrowth of liver mass after a hepatectomy?
hepatocyte growth factor
why can’t a damaged liver regenerate?
scar tissue development d/t hepatic stellate cells lead to resistance in blood flow
what is gluconeogenesis?
transformation of lactate and AAs into glucose
what is chylomicron composed of when in the lacteal cells?
- fats + Apo-B48
Once the chylomicron reaches circulation what proteins bind to it?
- Apo-E
- Apo-C2
Where does Apo-C2 and Apo-E come from?
HDL
What do chylomicrons do?
deliver FFAs to muscle and adipose tissue
what is the purpose of Apo-C2?
- Apo-C2 binds to lipopr lipase to digest the dietary fat to FFAs and monoglycerides which can then enter muscle and adipose cells
Chylomicron remnants return to the liver via what receptor?
Apo-E receptor
What happens when chylomicron enters the liver?
liver RER adds Apo-B100
What converts a VLDL to a IDL?
release of Apo-C2
What converts IDL to LDL?
release of Apo-E
LDL only contains what apo protein?
Apo-B100
What is the purpose of HDL?
reverse cholesterol transport
What receptor does HDL bind to to enter the liver?
SRB1
what test is good to measure early signs of liver function?
PT/aPTT
what test is good to measure late signs of liver function?
albumin
increased serum unconjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?
hemolytic in origin
increased serum conjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?
obstruction
low urine urobilinogen indicates what?
complete obstruction
what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of hepatocellular injury?
ALT > AST
what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of alcoholic injury?
AST > ALT
what labs will be elevated in cholestasis?
- alk phos
- GGAT
- 5N
- conjugated bilirubin
what lab values are elevated in acute liver injury?
AST/ALT
which labs are abnormal when there is reduced synthetic function of the liver?
PT/aPTT
what does the Enterochromaffin cells secrete?
histamine
what is a zymogen?
inactive enzyme
This condition results from damage to nerves in the food tube (esophagus), preventing the esophagus from squeezing food into the stomach.
Achalasia
Tripsinogen is used to digest what?
proteins
glucose and galactose work with what ion?
sodium
Ascites is caused by what 2 mechanisms?
- increase hydrostatic pressure
- activating RAA system
What are the 3 GIP-anchored proteins released from liver during cholestasis?
- Alk Phos
- 5’ Nucleolidase
- GGTP
What is the major difference of Celiac Disease and lactose intolerance?
- celiac disease = allergy
- lactose intolerance = down-regulation of enzyme
How do statins work?
inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme to prevent cholesterol synthesis
How do bile acid binding resins work?
don’t allow reabsorption of bile
