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Physiology > GI 4/GI 5 > Flashcards

GI 4/GI 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what form of carbohydrates can we absorb?

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

What chemical initially breaks starch into maltose (disaccharide)?

A

salivary amylase

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3
Q

What chemical digests the remainder of starch to maltose (disaccharide)?

A

pancreatic amylase

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4
Q

lactose is broken down into what?

A

glucose and galactose

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5
Q

sucrose is broken down into what?

A

glucose and fructose

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6
Q

maltose is broken down into what?

A

glucose

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7
Q

What is the mainstay of treatment for infectious diarrhea?

A

salt, sugar and water

6 tsp. sugar: 0.5 tsp. salt: 1 liter water

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8
Q

The stomach is able to absorb what 2 things?

A
  • alcohol

- aspirin

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9
Q

what is the most sensitive measure of pancreatitis?

A
  • pancreatic lipase
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10
Q

what vitamins do you expect to be decreased if there is a bile secretion problem?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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11
Q

What are the function of the micelles?

A

increase SA of fat globules

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12
Q

what cells act like macrophages in the liver lobule?

A

kupffer cell

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13
Q

What causes the rapid regrowth of liver mass after a hepatectomy?

A

hepatocyte growth factor

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14
Q

why can’t a damaged liver regenerate?

A

scar tissue development d/t hepatic stellate cells lead to resistance in blood flow

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15
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

transformation of lactate and AAs into glucose

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16
Q

what is chylomicron composed of when in the lacteal cells?

A
  • fats + Apo-B48
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17
Q

Once the chylomicron reaches circulation what proteins bind to it?

A
  • Apo-E

- Apo-C2

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18
Q

Where does Apo-C2 and Apo-E come from?

A

HDL

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19
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

deliver FFAs to muscle and adipose tissue

20
Q

what is the purpose of Apo-C2?

A
  • Apo-C2 binds to lipopr lipase to digest the dietary fat to FFAs and monoglycerides which can then enter muscle and adipose cells
21
Q

Chylomicron remnants return to the liver via what receptor?

A

Apo-E receptor

22
Q

What happens when chylomicron enters the liver?

A

liver RER adds Apo-B100

23
Q

What converts a VLDL to a IDL?

A

release of Apo-C2

24
Q

What converts IDL to LDL?

A

release of Apo-E

25
Q

LDL only contains what apo protein?

A

Apo-B100

26
Q

What is the purpose of HDL?

A

reverse cholesterol transport

27
Q

What receptor does HDL bind to to enter the liver?

A

SRB1

28
Q

what test is good to measure early signs of liver function?

A

PT/aPTT

29
Q

what test is good to measure late signs of liver function?

A

albumin

30
Q

increased serum unconjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?

A

hemolytic in origin

31
Q

increased serum conjugated bilirubin usually indicates what?

A

obstruction

32
Q

low urine urobilinogen indicates what?

A

complete obstruction

33
Q

what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of hepatocellular injury?

A

ALT > AST

34
Q

what ratio of ALT/AST is indicative of alcoholic injury?

A

AST > ALT

35
Q

what labs will be elevated in cholestasis?

A
  • alk phos
  • GGAT
  • 5N
  • conjugated bilirubin
36
Q

what lab values are elevated in acute liver injury?

A

AST/ALT

37
Q

which labs are abnormal when there is reduced synthetic function of the liver?

A

PT/aPTT

38
Q

what does the Enterochromaffin cells secrete?

A

histamine

39
Q

what is a zymogen?

A

inactive enzyme

40
Q

This condition results from damage to nerves in the food tube (esophagus), preventing the esophagus from squeezing food into the stomach.

A

Achalasia

41
Q

Tripsinogen is used to digest what?

A

proteins

42
Q

glucose and galactose work with what ion?

A

sodium

43
Q

Ascites is caused by what 2 mechanisms?

A
  • increase hydrostatic pressure

- activating RAA system

44
Q

What are the 3 GIP-anchored proteins released from liver during cholestasis?

A
  • Alk Phos
  • 5’ Nucleolidase
  • GGTP
45
Q

What is the major difference of Celiac Disease and lactose intolerance?

A
  • celiac disease = allergy

- lactose intolerance = down-regulation of enzyme

46
Q

How do statins work?

A

inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme to prevent cholesterol synthesis

47
Q

How do bile acid binding resins work?

A

don’t allow reabsorption of bile

Physiology (4 decks)

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