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Physiology > GI 2 > Flashcards

GI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 actions of the myenteric plexus?

A
  • tone of gut wall
  • rhythmic contraction
  • rate of contraction
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2
Q

What are the pacemaker cells of the enteric nervous system?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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3
Q

The slow wave is potentiated by what channel?

A

sodium channels

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4
Q

the spike potentials are d/t what channel?

A

calcium channels

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5
Q

What factors increase excitability of the ENS?

A
  • increased stretch/distension

- Parasympathetic Stimulation via Ach

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6
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on motility?

A
  • sympathetic = decreases motility

- parasympathetic = increases motility

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7
Q

What are the 3 prevertebral reflexes and what are their effects?

A
  • gastrocolic = filling stomach causes defecation
  • enterogastric = filling colon closes pyloric sphincter
  • colonoileal = colon distention closes ileocecal valve
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8
Q

What is the effect of pain on GI motility?

A

pain decreases GI motility

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9
Q

What are the 2 suspected causes of IBS?

A
  • anxiety/depression

- Post-infectious IBS (d/t acute gastroenteritis)

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10
Q

Where is the site of secretion of gastrin?

A

G cells (antrum of stomach)

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11
Q

Where is the site of secretion of CCK?

A

I cells (duodenum and jejunum)

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12
Q

Where is the site of secretion of secretin?

A

S cells (duodenum)

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13
Q

Where is the site of secretion of GIP?

A

K cells (duodenum and jejunum)

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14
Q

What are the 2 actions of gastrin?

A
  • increase gastric acid secretion
  • increase stomach muscle contraction rate/force
  • increase growth of gastric mucosa
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15
Q

What are the 3 actions of CCK?

A
  • inc gallbladder contraction –> eject bile
  • relax sphincter of Oddi
  • inc pancreatic enzymes & HCO3- secretion
  • inc growth of exocrine pancreas
  • inc small intestine contraction

result = bile ejection + slows gastric emptying

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16
Q

What is the action of secretin?

A
  • blocks gastrin effects ->inhibit gastric contraction

- inc pancreatic and biliary HCO3- secretion

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17
Q

Which of the gastric hormones blocks gastrin effects?

A

secretin

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18
Q

What is the action of GIP & GLP-1?

A
  • increase pancreatic insulin secretion*
  • inhibit glucagon release
  • blocks gastric acid secretion
  • slows gastric emptying*
19
Q

What stimulates gastrin secretion? (3)

A
  • amino acids/protein peptides in antrum
  • distention of stomach

-vagal stimulation

20
Q

What stimulates CCK? (2)

A

-fats and fatty acids entering in small intestine

21
Q

What stimulates secretin? (2)

A
  • stomach distension
  • protein products & fatty acids
  • acid entering the duodenum
22
Q

What stimulates GIP? (3)

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
23
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary peristalsis?

A
  • primary = begins in pharynx and speeds down into esophagus
  • secondary = initiated from distention sensed if food remains in peristalsis after primary peristalsis, consciously feel this peristalsis*
24
Q

What ligament helps keep the LES closed?

A

phrenoesophageal ligament

25
Q

What can occur if the phrenoesophageal ligament ruptures from increased abdominal pressure?

A

hiatal hernia

26
Q

What is Zenker Diverticulum?

A

herniation of the esophageal mucosa posteriorly through muscles of esophagus

patient will complain of bad breath, regurgitation of solid foods

27
Q

What is the vagovagal reflex?

A

as food stretches the stomach –> the muscles relax allowing for the pressure to remain low

28
Q

Stomach emptying is mainly under the control of what?

A
  • duodenal neurologic inhibitory control

- secretin has smaller effect, takes longer-

29
Q

What 3 hormones increase small intestine motility?

A
  • Gastrin
  • CCK
  • Insulin
30
Q

What 2 hormones decrease small intestine motility?

A
  • Secretin

- Glucagon

31
Q

What is the difference in function between the proximal and distal large bowel?

A
  • proximal = absorbs electrolytes/H2O

- distal = stores fecal matter

32
Q

What 2 muscles allow for the mixing movement of the colon?

A
  • teniae coli –> longitiduinal (shortens)

- circular muscle –> circular (constricts lumen)

33
Q

The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control via this nerve.

A

pudendal nerve

34
Q

What is the pathophysiology of adynamic ileus?

A

trauma causes a shift in autonomic balance which leads to impaired gut motility

35
Q

How does diverticulosis occur?

A

dec bolus mass d/t lack of fibrin in diet causes straining of the large bowel to move small fecal matter through anus –> inc pressure within lumen –> outward herniations through penetrating arteries

36
Q

What triggers the Duodenal Neurologic Inhibitory control of stomach emptying?

A
  • distension of small intestine
  • food products (fat and protein products)
  • inc chyme acidity in duodenum
37
Q

How does diverticulitis occur?

A

blockage of a penetrating artery –> creates an outpouch of fecal matter/tissue that becomes ischemic –> necrosis –> infection occur

38
Q

The internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter are composed of what types of muscle respectively??

A

Internal Anal Sphincter: smooth muscle

External Anal Sphincter: striated muscle

39
Q

Large bowel motility is mainly which type of bowel movement?

A
  • Propulsive movement of bowel

- No mixing occurs

40
Q

The small intestine terminates at what structure that connects to the large intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

41
Q

Small intestine motility is comprised of what types of bowel movements (2)? Why are their importance?

A

1) Mainly mixing contractions
2) Very slow propulsive contractions

-ensures absorptions of nutrients in small intestine-

42
Q

What are the 3 motor functions of the stomach?

A
  • store food
  • mix with gastric secretions
  • control stomach emptying
43
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

Which phases are under voluntary vs autonomic control?

A
  1. Voluntary Stage -> move bolus w/ tongue to the hard palate
  2. Autonomic pharyngeal and esophageal stages –> transports food from pharynx through larynx and into the stomach

Physiology (4 decks)

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