Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total amount of daily secretions of mucous in the GI?

A

6.7 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mucous is secreted by what cells?

A

goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the salivary glands only produce mucous?

A

buccal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the salivary glands produce serous and mucous fluid? Why are they known as Extrinsic Glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland

they only inc/dec saliva secretion in response to Autonomic Stimulation or Chemoreceptors –> they produce 80% of the saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

salivary constituents include a high level of these 3 things.

A
  • potassium
  • bicarbonate
  • amylase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 functions of saliva?

A
  • remove bacteria
  • destroy/opsonize bacteria via IgA
  • digest food particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can increase the secretion of saliva by 20x

A

sour taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 major secretions of parietal cells in the stomach?

A
  • intrinsic factor

- HCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 stimuli of HCL formation?

A
  • Ach
  • Gastrin
  • Histamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stomach cancer is associated with what infection?

A

H. pylori infection in the fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intrinsic factor is important in the absorption of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

presence of HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the K+ come from for the H+/K+ antipoter?

A

saliva and leak channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the major secretion of the pancreas?

A

sodium bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bicarbonate is secreted by ductal cells in response to what?

A

secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by what

A

enterokinase enzyme in SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to break down protein?

A

trypsin

carboxypolypeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to break down carbs?

A

pancreatic amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to break down fats?

A

pancreatic lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do?

A

breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

22
Q

what is the major secretion of the liver?

A

bile

23
Q

what is the main function of bile?

A

emulsify fat

24
Q

Why don’t we see unconjugated bilirubin in the urine?

A

it is bound to albumin

25
Q

What causes gallstones?

A

cholesterol will precipitate if its concentration exceeds the ability of the bile salts to emulsify

26
Q

what is the function of the Brunner’s glands?

A

secrete bicarbonate in small intestines

27
Q

what is the function of the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

secretes mucous/electrolytes/water into the small intestine

28
Q

what is the major and only secretion of the large intestines?

A

mucous

29
Q

What are the major function of mucous in the GI tract?

A
  • Protect against abrasions
  • Lubrication
  • Resistant to digestion
  • Buffers acids/bases
30
Q

What are the 2 major stimulations of secretions?

A 
Mechanical Stimuli from food
Nervous stimulation (distention, chemicals, autonomic)
31
Q

What stimulates G Cells to secrete Gastrin and what is the physiologic response?

A

Negatively charged proteins enter stomach –> buffers acids –> pH increases –> stimulates gastrin release –> parietal cells release HCl –> pH decreases

32
Q

D Cells secrete somatostatin in response to what pH change in the stomach?

A

pH decreases (increased acidity)

This inhibits gastrin –> decrease HCl secretion from parietal cells

33
Q

How does the structure of the Oxyntic Tubular Gland impact pepsinogen function?

A

Tubular Glands are a “pit” –> Chief Cells are deep in pit –> secrete pepsinogen –> does not get activated until it moves UP the gland toward the lumen –> pH is low at the lumen –> acidity triggers pepsinogen conversion to pepsin –> prevents autodigestion of the stomach

34
Q

What structures of the Parietal Cell allow us to use medications to decrease acid secretion?

A

H2 Receptor Antagonists (Ranitidine)

Proton Pump Inhibitors (Omeprazole)

35
Q

Intrinsic Factor secreted from Parietal Cells helps absorption of Vitamin B12 in what way?

A

Intrinsic Factor binds to B12 and prevents it from being digested in the gut –> also allows it to be better absorbed in the Small Intestine

36
Q

What triggers (2) Pepsinogen release from Chief Cells?

A
  1. Parasympathetic stimulation

2. Direct stimulation via chemoreceptors from stomach acid

37
Q

Where in the stomach are Chief Cells located?

A

Body of Fundus

38
Q

Where in the stomach are G Cells?

A

Antrum

39
Q

What stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate?

A

Low pH chyme enters the duodenum –> S Cells –> secrete Secretin –> stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate

40
Q

Why does the pancreas not digest itself with the presence of trypsinogen?

A

Trypsinogen held under inhibition from Trypsin Inhibitor –> stops auto-activation

41
Q

Trypsinogen gets converted to trypsin when and where?

A

Inhibited trypsin travels via the pancreatic duct to the duodenum –> encounters brush border enterokinases –> activate to trypsin

42
Q

Pancreatic Amylase convers starch carbohydrates into di- and tri-saccharides. Name the 3 main disaccharides.

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

43
Q

Where do the 3 disaccharides get converted to monosaccharides for absorption?

A

Brush border of small intestines

44
Q

Name the components that make up the 3 Disaccharides: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

A 
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
45
Q

Explain the passage of bile from hepatocytes.

A

Hepatocytes –> Bile Canuliculi –> Terminal Bile Ducts –> Hepatic Duct –> Common Bile Duct –> Sphincter of Oddi (when open) –> Ampula of Vater —> directly into Duodenum

46
Q

What hormone triggers the gallbladder to contract, to release bile, and to relax the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

CCK

47
Q

What triggers I cells to release CCK?

A

fatty acids entering the duodenum

48
Q

Where are Brunner’s Glands located?

A

In the Small Intestine between Pylorus and Ampulla of Vater

49
Q

What causes the secretion of bicarb from Brunner’s Glands?

A

Acidic (low) pH chyme entering the duodenum

50
Q

Mucous secretion of the large intestine has what main purpose?

A

prevent abrasion of GI wall from solid fecal material

Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions