GF1: Neuro A/P, Functionality Review

Question 1

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic). Define adrenergic and cholinergic.

Answer 1

• Adrenergic
  
  • relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter.
• Cholinergic
  
  • contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate

Question 2

Name cranial nerves I-VI and whether they are motor or sensory.

Answer 2

I: olfactory, s

II: optic, s

III: oculomotor, m

IV: trochlear, m

V: trigeminal, s/m

VI: abducens, m

Question 3

Name cranial nerves VII-XII and whether they are motor or sensory.

Answer 3

VII: facial, s/m

VIII: vestibulocochlear, s

IX: glossopharyngeal, s/m

X: vagus, s/m

XI: accessory, m

XII: hypoglassal, m

Question 4

What are the functions of CN I-III?

Answer 4

I: smell

II: sight

III: majority of eye movement

Question 5

What are the functions of CN IV-VI?

Answer 5

IV: eye movement

V: sensory for face, chewing

VI: eye movement

Question 6

What are the functions of CN VII-IX?

Answer 6

VII: facial expression

VIII: balance and hearing

IX: posterior tongue, pharyngeal function

Question 7

What are the functions of CN X-XII?

Answer 7

X: Sensation and innervation of heart, lungs, GI, throat and external ear sensation

XI: chest and trap muscles

XII: tongue muscles

Question 8

What are the 3 major CNS functional systems?

Answer 8

• Reticular activation system
• Limbic system
• Extrapyramidal system

Question 9

What function does the reticular activation system serve?

Answer 9

• Consciousness and arousal effect (circadian rhythm)
• Alerting mechanism
• Filter process that allows for concentration

Question 10

What function does the limbic system serve?

Answer 10

• Emotions
• Learning
• Memory and
• Motivation

Question 11

What function does the extrapyramidal system serve?

Answer 11

• Movement
• Coordination
• Posture

Question 12

What parts of the brain form the limbic system?

Answer 12

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus

Question 13

Thalamus function?

Answer 13

• Relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness
• Neural traffic control

Question 14

Hypothalamus function?

Answer 14

Maintains functions of homeostasis

Question 15

Amygdala function?

Answer 15

• Responsible for the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression.
• Helps to store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognize similar events in the future

Question 16

Hippocampus function?

Answer 16

learning and memory

Question 17

What part of the brain controls involuntary system functions such as cardiac, respiratory and temperature control?

Answer 17

Medulla oblongata

Question 18

What are the physical components to the CNS?

Answer 18

Brain and spinal cord

Question 19

What are the physical components to the PNS?

Answer 19

Branches off of the spinal cord

Question 20

Name the general sections of the brain (lobes, etc) and their basic functions.

Answer 20

• Frontal lobe
  
  • Thinking, speaking, memory, movement
• Temporal lobe
  
  • Hearing, learning, feelings
• Parietal lobe
  
  • Language touch
• Occipital lobe
  
  • Sight, color
• Brain stem
  
  • Breathing, heart rate, temperature
• Cerebellum
  
  • Balance, coordination

Question 21

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

Answer 21

Speech functionality (motor)

Question 22

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

Answer 22

Speech comprehension

Question 23

Explain expressive aphasia.

Answer 23

• also called Broca’s aphasia.
• Can understand, but not reply
• People with this pattern of aphasia struggle to get words out, speak in very short sentences and omit words

Question 24

Explain receptive aphasia.

Answer 24

• Also called Wernicke’s aphasia
• Cannot understand speech

Question 25

What is the diencephalon of the brain?

Answer 25

connects the midbrain to the forebrain. It is located deep within the brain and comprises the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus.

Question 26

What is the circle of Willis?

Answer 26

* The Circle of Willis is the joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain. * At the Circle of Willis, the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.

Question 27

Most strokes occur where?

Answer 27

Circle of Willis

Question 28

What are the three layers that make up the meninges?

Answer 28

* Dura mater * Arachnoid * Pia mater

Question 29

What is the importance of the subarachnoid space?

Answer 29

To wash CSF over the surface of the brain to remove toxins/waste and deliver nutrients

Question 30

What are arachnoid granulations?

Answer 30

Structures filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that extend into the venous sinuses through openings in the dura mater and allow the drainage of CSF from subarachnoid space into venous system.

Question 31

What part of the brain is responsible for micturition?

Answer 31

Pons

Question 32

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 32

Releases hormones that control circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

Question 33

What are upper motor neurons (UMN)?

Answer 33

* Neurons of the CNS * They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and their axons do not leave this area * They carry information to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax

Question 34

What are lower motor neurons (LMN)?

Answer 34

* Neurons of the PNS * Axons extend beyond cranial area to carry messages directly to muscles of the body

Question 35

What is the pyramidal tract?

Answer 35

* a system of efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to either the brainstem or the spinal cord. * It divides into two tracts: the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract.

Question 36

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 36

Carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs

Question 37

What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 37

Carries efferent, motor, information from the primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face, head and neck

Question 38

What is the extrapyramidal tract?

Answer 38

Extrapyramidal tracts are chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and target lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that are involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control