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z_MS1_Neuro Study > GF1: Neuro A/P, Functionality Review > Flashcards

GF1: Neuro A/P, Functionality Review Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic). Define adrenergic and cholinergic.

A
  • Adrenergic
    • relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter.
  • Cholinergic
    • contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate
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2
Q

Name cranial nerves I-VI and whether they are motor or sensory.

A

I: olfactory, s

II: optic, s

III: oculomotor, m

IV: trochlear, m

V: trigeminal, s/m

VI: abducens, m

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3
Q

Name cranial nerves VII-XII and whether they are motor or sensory.

A

VII: facial, s/m

VIII: vestibulocochlear, s

IX: glossopharyngeal, s/m

X: vagus, s/m

XI: accessory, m

XII: hypoglassal, m

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4
Q

What are the functions of CN I-III?

A

I: smell

II: sight

III: majority of eye movement

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5
Q

What are the functions of CN IV-VI?

A

IV: eye movement

V: sensory for face, chewing

VI: eye movement

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6
Q

What are the functions of CN VII-IX?

A

VII: facial expression

VIII: balance and hearing

IX: posterior tongue, pharyngeal function

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7
Q

What are the functions of CN X-XII?

A

X: Sensation and innervation of heart, lungs, GI, throat and external ear sensation

XI: chest and trap muscles

XII: tongue muscles

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8
Q

What are the 3 major CNS functional systems?

A
  • Reticular activation system
  • Limbic system
  • Extrapyramidal system
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9
Q

What function does the reticular activation system serve?

A
  • Consciousness and arousal effect (circadian rhythm)
  • Alerting mechanism
  • Filter process that allows for concentration
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10
Q

What function does the limbic system serve?

A
  • Emotions
  • Learning
  • Memory and
  • Motivation
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11
Q

What function does the extrapyramidal system serve?

A
  • Movement
  • Coordination
  • Posture
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12
Q

What parts of the brain form the limbic system?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
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13
Q

Thalamus function?

A
  • Relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness
  • Neural traffic control
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14
Q

Hypothalamus function?

A

Maintains functions of homeostasis

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15
Q

Amygdala function?

A
  • Responsible for the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression.
  • Helps to store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognize similar events in the future
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16
Q

Hippocampus function?

A

learning and memory

17
Q

What part of the brain controls involuntary system functions such as cardiac, respiratory and temperature control?

A

Medulla oblongata

18
Q

What are the physical components to the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

19
Q

What are the physical components to the PNS?

A

Branches off of the spinal cord

20
Q

Name the general sections of the brain (lobes, etc) and their basic functions.

A
  • Frontal lobe
    • Thinking, speaking, memory, movement
  • Temporal lobe
    • Hearing, learning, feelings
  • Parietal lobe
    • Language touch
  • Occipital lobe
    • Sight, color
  • Brain stem
    • Breathing, heart rate, temperature
  • Cerebellum
    • Balance, coordination
21
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech functionality (motor)

22
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Speech comprehension

23
Q

Explain expressive aphasia.

A
  • also called Broca’s aphasia.
  • Can understand, but not reply
  • People with this pattern of aphasia struggle to get words out, speak in very short sentences and omit words
24
Q

Explain receptive aphasia.

A
  • Also called Wernicke’s aphasia
  • Cannot understand speech
25
Q

What is the diencephalon of the brain?

A

connects the midbrain to the forebrain. It is located deep within the brain and comprises the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus.

26
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A
  • The Circle of Willis is the joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain.
  • At the Circle of Willis, the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.
27
Q

Most strokes occur where?

A

Circle of Willis

28
Q

What are the three layers that make up the meninges?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia mater
29
Q

What is the importance of the subarachnoid space?

A

To wash CSF over the surface of the brain to remove toxins/waste and deliver nutrients

30
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Structures filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that extend into the venous sinuses through openings in the dura mater and allow the drainage of CSF from subarachnoid space into venous system.

31
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for micturition?

A

Pons

32
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Releases hormones that control circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

33
Q

What are upper motor neurons (UMN)?

A
  • Neurons of the CNS
  • They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and their axons do not leave this area
  • They carry information to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax
34
Q

What are lower motor neurons (LMN)?

A
  • Neurons of the PNS
  • Axons extend beyond cranial area to carry messages directly to muscles of the body
35
Q

What is the pyramidal tract?

A
  • a system of efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to either the brainstem or the spinal cord.
  • It divides into two tracts: the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract.
36
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs

37
Q

What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?

A

Carries efferent, motor, information from the primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face, head and neck

38
Q

What is the extrapyramidal tract?

A

Extrapyramidal tracts are chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and target lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that are involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control

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