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S3 Reproduction > Getting Pregnant - Sex And Fertilisation > Flashcards

Getting Pregnant - Sex And Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What does coitus mean?

A

Sex

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2
Q

When do spermatozoa become cable of movement?

A

Once at the tail of the epididymis

Support of epididymis by androgens allows maturation - addition of secretory products to surface of sperm so capable to fertilise

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3
Q

What is semen made up of?

A

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma (from accessory glands)

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4
Q

What’s the functions of seminal plasma?

A

Transport medium

Nutrition

Buffering capacity (female tract acidic)

Role for prostaglandins in stimulating muscular activity in female tract

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5
Q

What glands contribute to seminal plasma, what do they add and by what percentage?

A

Accessory glands:

- seminal vesicles 60%
Alkaline fluid (neutralise acid in Male & fm reproductive tracts), fructose (metabolite), prostaglandins, clotting factors e.g. semenogelin (so not immediately lost)
  • prostate gland 25%
    Milk, slightly acidic fluid, proteolytic enzymes (breakdown clotting proteins mobility), citric acid, acid phosphotase

-bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s) <1%
Alkaline fluid, mucous lubricants end of penis and urethral lining

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6
Q

Where does fertilisation normally take place?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of the human sexual response?

A

Excitement - psychogenic/ somatogenic stimuli

Plateau

Orgasm

resolution (return to haemodynamic norm followed by refractory period in males)

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8
Q

What are the three stages of the Male sexual response?

A

Erection

Emission & ejaculation

Ejaculation

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9
Q

What are the stimulants and efferents involved in an erection what do they lead to?

A

Stimulants:

  • Psychogenic
  • Tactile (sensory afferents of penis and perineum)

Efferents:
Somatic and autonomic
- pelvic nerve (PNS)
-pudendal nerve (somatic)

-> haemodynamic changes

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10
Q

What is the erectile tissue of the penis? What veins and arteries surround/ are within these tissues?

A

Corpus spongiosum & 2 corpus cavernosum

Superior to inferior: 
Superficial dorsal v a 
Deep dorsal v a 
Efferent v 
Cavernous v 
Emissary v 
Cavernous a 
Bulbourethral v 
Urethral a
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11
Q

What does an erection require after stimulation?

A

Sinusoidal relaxation
Arterial dilation
Venous compression

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the penis? What does stimulation of these nerves cause the release of?

A

Lumbar and sacral spinal levels

  • Pelvic nerve and pelvic plexus
  • Cavernous Nerve to corpora and vasculature

Erection: inhibition of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictors nerves, activation of PNS (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic autonomic nerves to arteries) -> NO

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13
Q

What role does NO have in causing an erection? E.g. how is it released and what does it do?

A

Post- ganglionic fibres reales ACh -> binds to M3 receptor on endothelial cells -> rise in Ca2+ -> activates NOS -> No formed -> diffuses into vascular SM -> vasodilation

NO also released directly from nerves

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14
Q

What can causes erectile dysfunction?

A

Psychological (descending inhibition of spinal reflexes)

Tears in fibrous tissue of corpora cavernous

Vascular problems e.g. micovascular diabetes

Drugs

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15
Q

How does viagra work?

A

Slows rate at which cGMP is degraded (NO causes GTP to become cGMP which then -> PKG and causes vasodilation/ erection)

PDE V converts cGMP to an inactive product so viagra e.g. sildenafil inhibits this

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16
Q

What is emission and what controls it?

A

Emission is movement of semen into prostatic urethra (contraction of SM in prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles)

Under sympathetic control

17
Q

What is ejaculation and what controls it?

A

Expulsion of semen

Contraction of:
glands and ducts SM
Bladder internal sphincter
Rhythmic striata muscle (pelvic floor, perineal muscles: ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus)

Under sympathetic control

18
Q

How does cervical mucus change over the course of the menstrual cycle?

A

When just oestrogen is present mucus is thin and stretch in preparation for ovulation so sperm can move easily in

When oestrogen and progesterone are present mucus forms a thick, sticky plug which prevents access for further gametes and protects the cervix from outside in case of pregnancy

19
Q

What is the fern test?

A

Testsfor fern like patterns of cervical mucus which could indicate leakage of amniotic fluid in pregnancy

20
Q

What is spinnbarkeit?

A

Or fibrosity

The stretchiness/ stringiness of a substance e.g. cervical mucus

21
Q

Where is sperm deposited in the urethral?

A

In the external Os

22
Q

What is capacitation? how long does it take, where and what occurs?

A

Further maturation of sperm in female reproductive tract (6-8hrs)

Sperm cell membrane changes to allow fusion with oocyte cell surface

Tail movement changes from beat to whip-like action (for the head to enter the zona pellucida)

Now capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction

23
Q

What’s the fertile window for oocytes and spermatozoa once in female tract?

A

Oocytes - 6-24hrs
Spermatozoa - 48-72 hrs

Fertile period: 3 days prior to ovulation or day of

24
Q

How do both gametes get transported?

A

Oocyte - beating cilia and peristalsis of uterine tube

Sperm- own propulsion flagella

25
Q

What triggers and occurs in the acrosome reaction?

A

Sperm pushes through corona radiate -> sperm surface receptor binds to ZP3 glycoprotein of zona pellucida -> acrosome reaction (digestion of zona pellucida)

26
Q

What blocks polyspermy?

A

Once sperm penetrates -> fusion of plasma membranes (cortical reaction) blocks more sperm penetrating

27
Q

What triggers meiosis 2 to occur in ococytes?

A

Fusion of occyte and sperm membranes -> calcium waves activated -> meiosis 2 occurs -> pronuclei mkve together -> mitotic spindle forms -> cleavage

28
Q

What’s a morula?

A

4-8 cells

Each cell = totipotent

29
Q

How does in-vitro fertilisation work? what’s PGD?

A

Oocytes are fertilised in vitro and allowed to divide to 4-8 stage (morula) transferred to uterus

Morula testes for heritable conditions prior to transfer of embryo - pre- implantation genetic diagnosis

30
Q

What does the morula become and what then happens before implantation?

A

Blastocyst
Hatched from zona pellucida

Now free to enlarge

Interacts with uterine surface to implant

31
Q

What layers make up a blastocyst?

A

Zona pellucida
Trophoblast
Blastocoel
Embryoblast

32
Q

When does implantation occur in relation to ovulation? What can you get if implantation happens outside the endometrium or in a lower uterine segment?

A

9-10 days post-ovulation

Outer cell mass (trophoblast) of blastocyst interacts with endometrium

Can get ectopic implantation/ placenta praevia

S3 Reproduction (20 decks)

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