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Reproductive System > Getting Pregnant > Flashcards

Getting Pregnant Flashcards

1
Q

How many sperm are produced a day?

A

20 million to 200 million

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2
Q

What is the waiting phase?

A

This is when the endometrium waits for a signal that the woman is pregnant before it breaks down allowing time for implantation and fertilisation. Eggs are viable for 24 hrs and sperm are viable for 72 hours.

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3
Q

How do spermatozoa mature?

A

They mature as they exit the man and continue to mature in the woman. On entry to the epididymis the spermatozoa are incapable of movement and have potential to fertilise. It is dependent in androgens

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4
Q

What is semen made of?

A

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma

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5
Q

What is the function of semen?

A

Transport medium,
Alkaline- Neutralise acidity of vagina and urethra
Protect sperm from attack from female(and male) immune systems
Nutrition from sperm
Prostaglandins simulate activity in female tract

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6
Q

What do the seminal vesicles make?

A 
60% of the volume of the semen 
Alkaline substance 
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting factors
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7
Q

What does the prostrate gland produce?

A 
25% volume
Milky slightly acidic fluid
Proteolytic enzymes
Citric acid
Phosphatase
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8
Q

What do bulbourethral glands produce?

A

Very small percentage of fluid
Alkaline to neutralise ureter
Mucus neutralises end of penis and urethral lining

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9
Q

What are the phases of the human sexual response?

A 
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase 
Resolution phase 
Men then have a refractory period
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10
Q

What is the difference between males and females sexual response?

A

Males have a refractory phase, females do not

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11
Q

How does erection occur?

A

Vasodilation of the arteries in the penis and and venocontristion increasing the volume of blood in the penis

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12
Q

What is the innervation of erection of the penis?

A

Pelvis nerve
Pudendal nerves
Cavernous nerve

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13
Q

What is the neurophysiology of an erection?

A

Inhibition of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerves
Activation of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nerves releases nitric oxide

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14
Q

What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?

A 
Obesity
Drugs
Alcohol
Damage to corpus callosum
Vascular problems- e.g. diabetes
Pyschological (inhibition of spinal reflexes)
Beta blockers
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15
Q

What is emission?

A

Movement of urine into the prostatic urethra

Sontraction of smooth muscle in the protrate, seminal vesicles and vas deferens

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16
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen

17
Q

How does ejaculation occur?

A

Contraction of the glands and ducts
Internal bladder sphincter contracts
Rhythmic and striatal muscle contractions

18
Q

What is the autonomic control of the male sexual response?

A

Erection- symp inhibition, parasympathetic activates

Ejaculation sympathetic activates ducts

19
Q

What is the consistency mucus under the influence of oestrogen?

A

Thin and sticky

20
Q

What is mucus like under the influence of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Thick and sticky - makes a plug

21
Q

Where is the site of sperm deposition?

A

Just before the cervix in the vagina

22
Q

Where is the site of fertilisation?

A

In the ampulla region of the uterine tubules

23
Q

What is spinnbarkeit mucus?

A

Stringy stretch quality of cervical mucus at the time of ovulation

24
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Further maturation of the sperm in the female reproductive tracts , the cell membrane changes to allow fusion with oocyte surface
Tail movement changes from beat to whip like action

25
Q

What is the fertile period?

A

Sperm can be deposited upto 3 days prior to ovulation or the day of ovulation

26
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A

Acrosome in sperm breaks down nan releases enzymes which allows the penetration of the stem causing the fusion and formation of a prolnuclei

27
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

It is derived from the Golgi region of the developing spermatid, it contains enzymes which are necessary for the fusion of the sperm and egg
It is activated when the sperm pushes through the corona radiata to the binding of the sperm to surface receptor ZP3, triggers an acrosome reaction

28
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A

One sperm penetrates the egg leading to the fusion of the plasma membranes, the egg surface hardens preventing other sperm from binding

29
Q

When is meiosis II completed?

A

Calcium waves are activated following the fusion of occyte and sperm membranes which causes meiosis II to complete.

30
Q

What type of cells are in morula?

A

Totipotent stem cells

31
Q

What is PGD?

A

Pre implantation genetic diagnosis

Reproductive System (5 decks)

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