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NCMN 109A - Maternal Lecture > Gestational Conditions affecting Pregnancy Outcomes Part 2 > Flashcards

Gestational Conditions affecting Pregnancy Outcomes Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous Abortion

A

Spontaneous Miscarriage

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2
Q

is a medical term for the disruption of a pregnancy before the fetus reaches its viable age of more than 20 to 24
weeks of gestation or weighs at least 500g.

A

Spontaneous Abortion

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3
Q

Spontaneous Abortion is a medical term for the disruption of a pregnancy before the fetus reaches its viable age of more than _______________ of gestation or weighs at least __________.

A

20 to 24 weeks; 500g

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4
Q

Spontaneous miscarriage occurs in _______________ of all pregnancies and arises from natural causes

A

15% to 30%

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5
Q

The most common cause of an abortion is ______________________________, which is either due to a __________________ or a _____________________

A

abnormal fetal development; chromosomal abberation; teratogenic factor

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6
Q

Another common cause is the _____________________________, where there is inadequate endometrial formation or the zygote was implanted on an ___________________. This would cause inadequate development of the placental circulation, leading to poor nutrition of the fetus and eventually, to an abortion.

A

abnormal implantation of the zygote; inappropriate site

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7
Q

Risk Factors of Spontaneous Abortion

A
  • Congenital Structural Defect
  • Low Progesterone
  • Rh Incompatibility
  • Undernutrition
  • Drugs
  • Infection
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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Spontaneous Abortion

A

Vaginal Spotting
Vaginal Bleeding
Cramping/sharp/dull pain in the symphysis pubis
Uterine contractions felt by the mother

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9
Q

______________ appears as small brownish to reddish spots of blood coming out of the woman’s vaginal opening.

A

Vaginal spotting

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10
Q

Vaginal spotting appears as _________________________ of blood coming out of the woman’s vaginal opening.

A

small brownish to reddish spots

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11
Q

This usually occurs when the cervix slightly dilates
because the woman may have tried to lift heavy objects or
mild trauma to the abdomen occurred

A

Vaginal spotting

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12
Q

it might indicate that the cervix has opened and products of conception might be expelled

A

Vaginal bleeding

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13
Q

This could occur on both sides and could be caused by trauma or premature contractions that might cause cervical dilation

A

Cramping/sharp/dull pain in the symphysis pubis

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14
Q

Types of Spontaneous Abortion

A

Threatened
Inevitable/Imminent
Incomplete
Complete
Missed
Reccurent/Habitual

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15
Q

The embryo is already viable. The products of
conception are still intact and the cervix is closed, but there is vaginal bleeding present. No sign of fetal demise.

A

Threatened abortion

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16
Q

The embryo is dead with the products of conception intact. The cervix is already dilated and there is presence of vaginal bleeding. Abortion will happen soon and cannot be stopped.

A

Inevitable/Imminent abortion

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17
Q

All products of conception are expelled and the embryo is dead. The cervix is dilated, and there is mild bleeding.

A

Complete abortion

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18
Q

The embryo is dead but some products are somewhat expelled already. The cervix is already dilated and there is severe vaginal bleeding.

A

Incomplete abortion

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19
Q

The embryo is already dead while inside the uterus. The products of conception are still intact and the cervix is closed. There are brown vaginal discharges present.

A

Missed abortion

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20
Q

Abortion becomes recurrent once the woman has had 3 consecutive miscarriages at the same gestational age.

A

Recurrent/Habitual abortion

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21
Q

This is to confirm the pregnancy first if vaginal bleeding occurs.

A

Pregnancy test

22
Q

The safest and confirmatory test for pregnancy

A

Ultrasound

23
Q

would be able to confirm if the pregnancy is positive, and also confirm if the products of conception are still intact

A

Ultrasound

24
Q

This test also confirms the fetal status

A

Ultrasound

25
Q

This is to make sure that all products of conception would be removed from the uterus.

A

Dilatation and evacuation

26
Q

before undergoing dilation and evacuation, the physician must be sure that ____________________________ and the ultrasound must show an_________________.

A

no fetal heart sounds could be heard anymore; empty uterus

27
Q

This is most commonly performed for incomplete abortions to remove the remainder of the products of conception from the uterus.

A

Dilation and curettage

28
Q

The presenting symptom of an abortion is always ___________________, and once this is noticed by the pregnant woman, she should immediately notify her healthcare provider

A

vaginal spotting

29
Q

Nursing Management (Assessment) for Spontaneous Abortion

A
  • assess for vaginal spotting
  • assess for bleeding
  • ask of the pregnant woman’s actions before the spotting or
    bleeding and identify the measures she did when
    she first noticed the bleeding
  • inquire of the duration and intensity of the bleeding or pain
    felt
  • identify the client’s blood type for cases of Rh incompatibility
30
Q

Diagnosis for Spontaneous Abortion

A

Risk for deficient fluid volume related to bleeding during
pregnancy

31
Q

Nursing Management (Intervention) for Spontaneous Abortion

A
  • If bleeding is profuse, place the woman flat in bed on her side and monitor uterine contractions and fetal heart rate
  • measure intake and output
  • assess the woman’s vital signs
  • measure the maternal blood loss by saving and weighing the used pads
  • Save any tissue found in the pads
32
Q

The aim for evaluation in Spontaneous Abortion is inclined towards

A

restoring the maternal blood volume and stopping the source of the bleeding.

33
Q

Nursing Management (Evaluation) for Spontaneous Abortion

A
  • restore the maternal blood volume
  • stop the source of the bleeding
  • client’s blood pressure must be maintained above 100/60
    mmHg
  • mother’s pulse rate should be below 100 beats per
    minute
  • fetal heart rate must be at a normal level of 120-160 beats per minute
  • client’s urine output should be more than 30 mL/hr
  • only minimal bleeding should be apparent for not more than 24 hours
34
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Abnormal Placental Implantation

35
Q

is a condition wherein the placenta of a pregnant woman is implanted abnormally in the uterus.

A

Placenta previa

36
Q

It accounts for the most incidents of bleeding in the third trimester of pregnancy.

A

Placenta Previa

37
Q

Placenta Previa accounts for the most incidents of bleeding in the _______________ of pregnancy.

A

third trimester

38
Q

Etiology/Pathophysiology of Placenta Previa

A
  • The placenta implants on the lower part of the uterus.
  • The lower uterine segment separates from the upper segment as the cervix starts to dilate.
  • The placenta is unable to stretch and accommodate the shape of the cervix, resulting in bleeding.
39
Q

Risk Factors for Placenta Previa

A
  • Advanced maternal age
  • Multiple gestations
  • Increased parity
  • Past caesarean births
  • Past uterine curettage
40
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Placenta Previa

A
  • Bright red bleeding
  • Painless
41
Q

Types of Placenta Previa

A
  • Low lying placenta
  • Marginal Placenta Previa
  • Partial Placenta Previa
  • Total Placenta Previa
42
Q

The placenta implants in the lower portion instead of the upper portion of the uterus.

A

Low lying placenta

43
Q

The placenta’s edge is nearing the cervical os

A

Marginal Placenta Previa

44
Q

A portion of the cervical os is already covered by the placenta

A

Partial Placenta Previa

45
Q

The placenta occludes the entire cervical os

A

Total Placenta Previa

46
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Spontaneous Abortion

A
  • Pregnancy Test
  • Ultrasound
47
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Placenta Previa

A

Ultrasound

48
Q

Early detection of placenta previa is always possible through

A

ultrasonography

49
Q

It is the most common and initial diagnostic test that could confirm Placenta Previa

A

Ultrasound

NCMN 109A - Maternal Lecture (6 decks)

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