Gerunds / imperative / Peterito Perfecto- Spanish Flashcards
Gerunds Regular - Spanish
Ex.
1) He’s working a lot
2) They’re learning verbs
3) I’m studying Spanish
4) What are you doing?
5) We’re writing a text
“ing” words
Ex.
1) El esta “trabajando” mucho
2) Ellos estan “aprendiendo” los verbos
3) Estoy “estudiando” espanol
4) Que estas “haciendo”?
5) Nosotras estamos “escribiendo” un texto
Forming the Gerund (‘Ing”)
- ar verbs…remove the ending and add – 1) ando – He’s talking to his mother
- ir/er verbs…remove the ending and add – iendo – 1) I’m eating, 2) she’s writing an email
ex.
ando – El esta hablando con su madre. (hablar)
iendo – 1) Estoy comiendo (comer) , 2) Ella esta escribiendo un correo electronico (escribir)
Gerund Regular practise ex.
1) You’re (sg. informal) running in the park
2) You’re (pl. informal) having a glass of wine
3) I’m traveling through Europe
4) They’re learning Spanish
ex.
1) Tu estas corriendo por el parque – (correr)
2) Vosotras estais tomando un a copa de vino – (tomar)
3) Yo estoy viajando por Europa – (viajar)
4) Ellos estan aprendiendo espanol – (aprender)
Gerund practise ex.
1) She’s now having a glass of wine at the hotel bar
2) You’ll (pl. formal) are writing a novel in Spanish, right?
ex.
1) Ella esta ahora tomando una copa de vino en el bar del hotel
2) Uds / Ellas (etc) estan escribiendo una novela en espanol, verdad?
Irregular gerund forms
1) to watch - watching
2) to sleep - sleeping
3) to tell - telling
4) to fell - feeling
5) to order - ordering
1) ver - viendo
2) dormir - durmiendo
3) decir - diciendo
4) sentir - sintiendo
5) pedir - pidiendo
For some irregular verbs that end in -ir, the -e in the stem of the verb becomes an -i in the gerund form
ex…I’m telling the truth (to tell)
ex…Yo estory diciendo la verdad (decir)
Other irregular verbs that end in -ir, or also -er, the -o in the verb stem usually changes to a -u
ex…She’s sleeping (to sleep)
You’re sleeping a lot (to sleep)
Is your daughter already sleeping
ex…Ella esta durmiendo (dormir)
Tu estas durmiendo mucho (dormir)
Tu hija ya esta durmiendo (dormir)
More irregular gerund verbs
If the stem of the verb ends in vowel, the “i” in the gerund ending “iendo” becomes a y.
ex…to read / reading
to go / going
- Are you reading this book (to read)
- My friends are going to the movie theater. (to go)
leer / leyendo
ir / yendo
- Estas leyendo ese libro? (leer)
- Mis amigos estan yendo al cine
More irregular gerund verbs
After “II” and n, the “i” in the gerund ending -iendo is dropped.
ex…to scold / scolding
to sneak away / sneaking away
- That mother is scolding her child (to scold)
renir / renendo
escabullir / escabullendo
- Esa madre esta escabullendo su hijo (escabullir)
The imperative is used to give orders, recommendations and advice.
Buy these medications for the pain.
Rest and don’t exercise.
Compre estos medicamentos para el dolor. (comprar)
Descanse y no haga ejercicio. (descansar)
Let’s look at how to use the imperative in formal contexts, such as a visit to the doctor’s office.
Take these prescribed pills for the pain. (to take)
Eat more healthily and rest. (to eat)
If the Spanish verb ends in -ar, you remove the ending and add -e. If the verb ends in -er or -ir, you remove the ending and add -a.
Tome estas pastillas recetadas para el dolor. (tomar)
Coma más sano y descanse. (comer)
Imperative examples…
Don’t exercise, and rest.
Take (lit. Drink) this syrup once a day.
Did you notice? The imperative of hacer (to do) is irregular: haga (sg., formal). You’ll learn more about this later.
No haga ejercicio y descanse. (descansar)
Beba este jarabe una vez al día. (beber)
Imperative examples…
Rest and don’t exercise.
Did you notice? You just need to add no before the imperative to build the negative form.
Descanse y no haga ejercicio.
Pretérito perfecto
One of the uses of the pretérito perfecto is to talk about the things that someone has or hasn’t done or the places where they have or haven’t been.
Has Carolina been to the Caribbean?
No, she hasn’t been there, but she would like to go soon.
¿Ha estado Carolina en el Caribe?
No, ella no ha estado allí, pero le gustaría ir pronto.
How to form the pretérito perfecto
You may have noticed that to form the pretérito perfecto you need the auxiliary verb haber (to have) and a particular form of the main verb called the participio (past participle).
Let’s start with the singular forms of haber:
yo he
tú has
él/ella ha
usted ha
