Germany: Development of Dictatorship (Chapters 4 and 5) Flashcards
What were the events of the Riechstag Fire (1933)?
- The Reichstag burnt down
- A Dutch communist called van der Lubbe was found on the scene with matches, and it is said he confessed to starting the fire
- He was executed
That fact that he was a communist sparked much debate as to whether it really happened and whether or not the Nazis set him up to have an excuse to repress communism
What were the effects of the Reichstag Fire (1933)?
- Hitler used the fire as an excuse to increase his power by decreasing the power of communism - he claimed there was a serious communist threat
- 4000 communist leaders were arrested, and Hitler convinced Hindenburg to pass the emergency decree which allowed Hitler to make arrests without trial as well as ban meetings and close newspapers of opposing parties
Why did the Hitler hold the 1933 March Reichstag election?
- It was only 6 days after the Reichstag fire, and Hitler claimed there was a serious communist threat
- He needed to win the majority (2/3) in the Riechstag in order to pass new laws without approval
With the help of Goering, Hitler went on a huge propanda campaign, threatened voters at stations, arrested opposing party members and used the SA to intimidate and break up opposition party meetings
What were the results of the 1933 March Reichstag election?
Hitler won many seats, but did not have the 2/3 majority he needed to make changes in the constitution
He therefore needed to find a way to do this
What did Hitler do to ensure the enabling act was passed?
- The communist party were banned from the Reichstag using emergency powers (81 seats)
- The centre party and nationalist party (52 and 74 seats respectively) agreed to join the Nazis due to similar beliefs and the Nazis promising to protect the Catholic Church
- This gave him the majority he needed to pass acts without external approval
- He then passed the enabling act through a Reichstag vote, where a huge majority voted in favour
What powers did the enabling act (1933) provide Hitler with and what did he immediately do with them?
- They allowed him to pass laws, make policies and more without Reichstag approval - this marked the end of the democratic Weimar Government and constituion
- Hitler abolished state parliments so everything could be run centrally
- He shut down all trade unions so they could be more loyal to the Nazis and because they had communist sympathies, creating the German Worker’s Front in place of them
- He shut down all remaining opposing political parties, including the Social Democrats and banned them
What were the causes of the Night of the Long Knives (1934)?
- Hitler felt like the SA were becoming too powerful (over 2 million members), and its leader, Ernst Rohm, was a challenge to his power
- Rohm had contrasting views with Hitler and his homosexuality offended many
- The SA were leaving Hitler with a bad reputation as they were using unnecessary violence
- Perhaps most importantly, the SA were interfering with the regular army, harassing them and wanting to replace them, however Hitler knew the army, despite being limited to 100,000 men, were far more disciplined and influential than the SA
What were the events and consequences of the Night of the Long Knives?
- Members of the SS arrested over 200 SA officers, many of whom, including Rohm, were executed
- The SA were heavily weakened, if not destroyed
- He claimed responsibility by the attack, claiming he was protecting Germany from a plot from Rohm
- The threat of the SA was removed and any other opposition now feared him, and the army was now more loyal to him
He also took revenge on old enemies, such as von Kahr and Sleicher, and removed any possible opposition to his lead
What happened following the death of Hindenburg (1934)?
- Hitler took the opportunity to increase his power by combining the offices of chancellor and president, declaring himself ‘Fuhrer’, meaning he now had total power of the Third Reich
- He made the army swear an oath directly to him, rather than Germany, meaning they would follow his orders directly under any circumstances
How did Hitler use concentration camps to enforce terror after he came into full power?
- Political prisoners or anybody suspected to be in opposition of Hitler were put in concentration camps around Germany, this soon moved on to people with certain characteristics such as Jews
- These camps induced a sense of terror and made people afraid of opposing the Nazis as they were treated harshly and often worked to death in the camps by the SS
How did Hitler use the SS to enforce terror after he came into full power?
- The SS grew to hundreds of thousands, and could arrest anybody they wanted without trial
- Hitler used them to carry out any tasks he wanted carried out - arresting people who showed opposition and running the concentration camps
How did Hitler use the Gestapo to enforce terror after he came into full power?
The Gestapo were the secret branch of the police
- The Gestapo were in charge of finding out about anybody in opposition to Hitler and handing them over to the SS
- They had the power to search anybody’s home and make arrests without trial
How did Hitler use informers to enforce terror after he came into full power?
- The informers were ordinary people who were encouraged to support any suspicious activity to the Nazis, usually activity consisting of being in opposition to Hitler
- They would report this information to the Gestapo, this information would often be about friends or even family
- It created a sense of fear and acted as a deterrent for opposition to the Nazis due to the fear of being caught
What were the effects of terror on Nazi Germany?
- Created a sense of fear for opposing the Nazis, so reduced opposition
- People were afraid they would be found out (informers and gestapo) and then afraid of the consequences (concentration camps and SS)
- Reduced the liberty and freedom of speech of the people
How did Hitler use censorship to promote his rule after he came into full power?
- Newspapers were strictly controlled and had to be part of the Reich Press Chamber which only promoted Nazi views
- Radio programmes were similar, and had to be part of the Reich Radio Company
- All forms of literature, art and music which opposed Nazi values were banned and destroyed, and all artists, writers etc. had to comply with Nazi expectations by joining the Reich Chamber of Commerce
- Any literature, art, theater or music etc. written by a non-Aryan - particularily a Jew - was banned
How did Hitler use propaganda to promote his rule after he came into full power?
- All newspapers, radio stations, books, movies, art and music were implanted with pro-nazi messages
- These messages were often subtle so that they would slowly change the mind of the population without them realising
- These means of promoting Nazi messages, such as radios, was made accesssible in ways such as how they were made cheap and abundant
- Parades and rallies were held often
- Hitler tried to use the 1936 Olympic games to promote the supremacy of the Aryan race, though Jesse Owens thwarted this