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Host And Defense Exam 4 > German - Hypersensitivity, Allergy, And Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

German - Hypersensitivity, Allergy, And Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What does “ana” mean?

What does “phylaxis” mean?

A

Ana - Against

Phylaxis - Protection

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2
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Severe, immediate, and system-wide harmful immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen
-First identified hypersensitivity rxn

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3
Q

What is a hypersensitivity rxn?

A

Immediate or delayed immune response to innocuous antigens which often results in healthy tissue damage

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity rxns?

A

Types I, II, III, and IV

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5
Q

Which types are humorally-mediated?

A

Types I, II, and III

-Mediated by antibody

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6
Q

Which type is cell-mediated?

A

Type IV

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7
Q

Type I leads to what?

A

Degranulation

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8
Q

Type II leads to what?

A

Complement

ADCC

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9
Q

Type III leads to what?

A

Antibody complex deposition

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10
Q

Type IV leads to what?

A

T cell sensitization

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11
Q

Type I mostly deal with what Ig?

A

IgE

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12
Q

Type II mostly deals with what Ig?

A

IgG

*Cell-directed

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13
Q

Type III deals with what Ig?

A

IgG, IgM

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14
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Non-pathogenic antigens that illicit hypersensitivity rxns

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15
Q

What are allergens?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins

Enzymatic activity, often proteases

Interact with PRRs

  • Pollen
  • Dust mite feces
  • Venom
  • Drugs
  • Peanuts
  • Shellfish
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16
Q

Allergen-IgE activation activates what granulocytes?

A

Mast cells

Basophils

Eosinophils

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17
Q

Localized hypersensitivity is presented how?

A

Allergic rhinitis (Hayfever)

Allergic asthma

Eczema

Food allergies

Systemic: anaphylactic shock

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18
Q

__________ are Th2 effectors in parasite immunity.

A

Granulocytes

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19
Q

T/F - Mast cell degranulation drives inflammation.

A

TRUE

*This is the first cell that responds in an allergic rxn

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20
Q

Mast cell activation in the GI tract?

A

Increased fluid secretion and peristalsis

-Expulsion of GI tract contents by diarrhea and/or vomiting

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21
Q

Mast cell activation in airways leads to what?

A

Decreased diameter, increased mucus secretion

Expulsion of airway contents thru coughing, sneezing, and expulsion of phlegm

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22
Q

Mast cell activation in the blood vessels results in what?

A

Increased blood flow, increased permeability

Edema and inflammation, increased flow of antigens in lymph to lymph nodes

23
Q

Enzyme products and effects?

A

Tryptase, Chumash, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase

Remodel CT matrix

24
Q

Toxic mediator products and biological effects?

A

Histamine, heparin

Poison parasites
Increase vascular permeability
Cause smooth muscle contraction

25
Q

T/F - Eosinophil degranulation is toxic.

A

TRUE

26
Q

What are eosinophils activated by?

A

Mast cells

Th2 cytokines

*They express Fcepsilon receptors upon activation

27
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Reduced early developmental immune pressure causes poor immune education and an inappropriate pathogen ID, leading to allergy, and autoimmune disorders

28
Q

T/F - Where parasites are more prevalent, allergies are less prevalent, and vice versa.

A

TRUE

29
Q

1st exposure: what?

2nd exposure: what?

A

1st: Antibodies created
2nd: Sensitized mast cells come into contact and degranulate

30
Q

What are the 2 phases of allergic rxns?

A

Immediate
-Mast cell activation
—Small bubble

Late
-Vascular permeability increased and leads to localized swelling
—Large mass

31
Q

What halts anaphylactic shock?

A

Epinephrine

32
Q

Is anaphylactic shock immediate or late?

A

Immediate

-0-5 minutes

33
Q

What happens in anaphylactic shock?

A

Antigen in bloodstream enters tissues and activates CT mast cells throughout the body

34
Q

What does anaphylactic shock do to the heart and vascular system?

A

Increased capillary permeability and entry of fluid into tissues

Swelling of tissues including tongue

Loss of blood pressure

Reduced O2 to tissues

Irregular heartbeat

Loss of consciousness

35
Q

What does anaphylactic shock do to the respiratory tract?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle and constriction of throat and airways

Difficulty in swallowing

Difficulty in breathing

Wheezing

36
Q

What does anaphylactic shock do to the GI tract?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

Stomach cramps

Vomiting

Fluid outflow into gut

Diarrhea

37
Q

How can allergies be gotten rid of?

A

Hyposensitization (Immunotherapy): Repeated exposure to escalating dosages of allergens to reduce type I responses

  • Allergy shots
  • Most effective allergy tx
  • T cell can desensitize
  • Inhibitory signals overwhelm activating signals and the macrophage does NOT secrete inflammatory cytokines
38
Q

Other type I treatments?

A

Antihistamines

Leukotriene antagonists

Corticosteroids

Immunotherapeutics
-Anti-IgE prevents mast cell from acquiring cell-surface IgE. Mast cell can’t be activated thru FcepsilonRI and downregs its cell-surface expression

39
Q

What is hyposensitization?

A

Repeated exposure to escalating dosages of allergens to reduce Type I responses

40
Q

Tell me about Type II hypersensitization.

A

Antibody-mediated rxns

IgG response to small molcules bound to cell surfaces

Complement or ADCC

Antibodies against self antigen

Drug allergies

Graft rejection

Autoimmunity

41
Q

Type ____ hypersensitivity causes newborn hemolytic disease?

A

II

*Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus

**Anti-Rh IgG developed during the 1st pregnancy

**Future Rh+ fetuses are targeted by maternal IgG
-This results in erythroblastosis fetalis (attacking of the fetal RBCs)
—Rhogam prevents erythroblastosis fetalis

42
Q

Type III hypersensitivities are mediated by what Igs?

A

IgG

Immune complex rxns

43
Q

Tell me more about type III.

A

Complexes deposited in blood vessels and tissues

Innate inflammatory response

Inflammatory lesions

  • Clots
  • Fever
  • Skin rash
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
44
Q

Tell me about Type IV Hypersensitivity.

A

Cell-Mediated Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

  • Minutes to hours after contact*
  • Recruitment of macrophages and CD4 T cells to site of contact*
  • Contacted material fx as adjuvants
  • Cell mediated, not humoral
45
Q

What are the 2 phases of Type IV Hypersensitivity?

A

Sensitization

Effector

46
Q

Give me an example of an adjuvant.

A

Poison ivy
-Pentadecacatechol is the adjuvant
—Skin proteins are targets
—Dermatitis only develops on the second contact

47
Q

Sensitization phase of Type IV?

A

Macrophages and CD4 cells

48
Q

Effector phase of Type IV?

A

Cytokines

49
Q

What cytokines are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

IL-1beta

IL-6

IL-18

TNFalpha

50
Q

What are three key pathogens in periodontitis?

A

P gingivalis

Tannerella forsythia

Treponema denticola

PG Too Few TD

51
Q

T/F - Periodontitis may be linked to systemic inflammation and disease.

A

TRUE

52
Q

In chronic inflammation, what does the liver release?

A

CRP

Fibrinogen

Serum amyloid A

53
Q

Which granulocytes are involved in Type I?

A

Mast cells

Eosinophils

54
Q

T/F - Periodontitis is related to whole body inflammation.

A

TRUE

Host And Defense Exam 4 (10 decks)

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