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Geography > Geomorphology > Flashcards

Geomorphology Flashcards

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1
Q

Geomorphology

A

The study of the origin of landforms based on cause and effect relationships

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2
Q

Form

A

Study of landforms, from which we can infer they evolutionary process

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3
Q

Process

A

The study of currently operating geomorphic processes from which we can infer their influence on the landforms

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Form —> process

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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Process —> form

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6
Q

2 ways of geomorphology

A

By the approach taken to its study

Not done

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7
Q

Descriptive geomorphology

A

Observations and measurement of landforms

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8
Q

Dynamic geomorphology

A

Observation and measurement of currently operating earth surface process es

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9
Q

Historical geomorphology

A

Interpretation of relict landforms and deposits in order to understand past processes

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10
Q

Relict landforms

A

No longer dipositting

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11
Q

Reginal morphology

A

Study of landforms and process operating in a specific region of earth, often related to climatic regions of earth

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12
Q

Reginal morphology is also known as

A

Climatic geomorphology

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13
Q

Fluvial geomorphology

A

Rubbing water

Streams, rivers

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14
Q

Hill slope geomorphology

A

Gravity and water

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15
Q

Costal geomorphology

A

Agents: waved and currents

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16
Q

Glacial geomorphology

A

Agents: glacier ice

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17
Q

Pariglacial geomorphology

A

Agents: ground ice

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18
Q

Aoeolian geomorphology

A

Agents: wind

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19
Q

Extreme _______________ must pass for ________ processes to take place

A

Amounts of time

Geomorphic

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20
Q

(Neo) catastorphism

A

Geomorphic work taking place in short time

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21
Q

Rock weathering

A

The break down of rock, first step in denudation,

Provides material nessecary for debris cascade

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22
Q

What exactly is weathering

A

The breakdown or decay of rock on surface

Where a thing layer of regolith is created and stays in place

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23
Q

Regolith

A

Later if loose, broken and sometimes chemically altered rock on top of a bed of rock

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24
Q

Rock composition (2 points)

A

Rocks that cool more rapidly (extrusive) are more susceptible to weathering

Minerals which crytalise at high temps are more suacceptable to weathering

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25
Q

Rock structure (2 points)

A

Determines pathways of water and dissolved substances

Determines the surface that is exposed to weathering

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26
Q

Tors

A

Weather rock into spheres

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27
Q

Rock texture

A

Size of minerals and grains and crystals. Rock composed of smaller grains generally weather faster

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28
Q

Availability of heat (2 points)

A

Temperate fluctuates (expanding and contracting) weakens rock

High temps speed up chemical weathering

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29
Q

Availability of water and dissolved substances (4 ways)

A

When water freezes, it expands

Growth of salt crystals from salt water expands

Dissolved substances in water can enhance waters ability to break down

Water carried away the products of chemical weathering process

30
Q

Slope orientation

A

Affects weathering by controlling a slopes exposure to sun, precipitation and wind

31
Q

Vegetation (2 ways)

A

Organic acids from decaying vegetation promotes chemical weathering

Mechanical stress exerted by roots growing in cracks can force rocks apart

32
Q

Subsurface water

A

The position of water on top of ground water in relation to the ground surface, and the movement of ground water play an important role

33
Q

Two broad classes of weathering mechanisms

A

Mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

34
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Rock is broken apart by physical stresses being implied, no chemical alteration

35
Q

4 types of mechanical weathering

A

Freeze thaw weathering

Salt weathering

Exfoliation

Biological weathering

36
Q

Freeze thaw weathering

A

“Frost wedging”

Freezing and melting causes mechanical stress

9%

37
Q

Joint block separation

A

Results of free style weathering, rock breaks into blocks

38
Q

Salt weathering

A

Evaporation of salty water forms salt crystals which create mechanical stress as they grow

39
Q

Exfoliation

A

Rocks slips off in sheets instead of breaking up

40
Q

Biological weathering

A

Growth of tree roots in a crack. Expands rocks making other weathering occur inside

41
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Rock breaks due to chemical alteration. No physical

42
Q

Ions

A

From the rocks minerals are removed by water

Dissolved in water renter rock and combine with minerals

Exchanged between rock and water

43
Q

4 types of chemical weathering

A

Hydration

Hydrolysis

Oxidation

Dissolution and carbonation

44
Q

Hydration

A

Water is absorbed by rocks minerals to cause a change in the minerals structure and swelling

Results in spherical weathering

45
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of silicate minerals in rock by water and dissolved substances

Most common type

46
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxygen reacts with certain metallic elements

Rusting of iron

47
Q

Dissolution and carbonation

A

Weathering of rock by dissolving it’s mineral constituents by water

In easy terms: breakdown of rock by certain minerals dissolving

48
Q

Carbonation

A

The dissolution specifically calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium by water

49
Q

Karst landscapes

A

when entire landscapes of limestone or dollmite are exposed to carbonation

50
Q

Soil is composed of

A

50% minerals and organic matter

50% air and water

51
Q

5 primary natural soil forming factors

A

Parent material

Climate

Organisms

Topography

Relief

Time

52
Q

Soil profile

A

Vertical section of soil that goes form surface to deepest section

53
Q

Pedon

A

Smallest unit of soil

54
Q

Soil horizons

A

Different layers of soil

O, A, B, C

55
Q

Humus

A

Mixture of decomposed and synthesized organic material

56
Q

Eluviation

A

Removing fine particles and minerals by water

57
Q

Soil fertility

A

Ability for soil to sustain plants

58
Q

Loam

A

Common designation for the balenced mixture of sand, slit, and clay

59
Q

Soil porosity

A

Available air spaces within a material

60
Q

For a karst landscape to form:

A

Limestone must contain 80% calcium carbonate

Complex patterns of joints must be present

An air containing zone mist exist

Vegetation is needed

61
Q

Sinkholes

A

Weathering by dissolution of limestone creates sinkholes

62
Q

Karst valley

A

Indents in land

63
Q

Fluvial geomorphology

A

The energy of rivers

64
Q

The drainage basin

A

Also known as watershed

The drainage basin is the fundemental unit on earths surface that we employ to understand rivers and streams

65
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area of earths surface inside which all water falling as precipitation eventually makes its way to a single river or stream

66
Q

Discharge

A

Energy from rivers

67
Q

Water balence equation

A

P=R+E+/-change in s

68
Q

P=R+E+/-change in s

A

Precipitation = runoff + evaporation plus or minus the change in storage

69
Q

______ varies at different time scales (either _____ or millienia)

A

Discharge

Minutes

70
Q

Individual storms

A

The shape of storm hydrograph is influenced by basin size as well as basin shape

71
Q

Annual

A

Means one year

The shape of annual hydrograph depends on climate

72
Q

Freshet

A

Melting resulting in filling of streams

Geography (5 decks)

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