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Geography > BIOLOGY FINAL > Flashcards

BIOLOGY FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Population structure

A

Patterns of mortality, age, distribution, sex ratios, and dispersal

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2
Q

Survivorship curve summarized what?

A

Pattern of survival and mortality among individuals

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3
Q

Survivorship curve

A

Summarized the pattern of survival in a population

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4
Q

Life table

A

Book keeping devices to track births

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5
Q

Cohort life table

A

Identify individuals born at same time, keeping records from birth

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6
Q

Static life table

A

Record age at depth over narrow window of time

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7
Q

Age distribution

A

Calculate differences in proportion of individuals in each age class

By studying history of populations, ecologist can predict future

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8
Q

Type 1

A

High young rate, offers die

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9
Q

Type 2

A

Equals rates of death regardless of age

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10
Q

Type 3

A

High death rates at young, low rates at old age

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11
Q

Age distribution of population reflects its

A

History of survival, reproduction, and potential for future growth

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12
Q

Shifting age distributions in available climates

A

Population, sex rates: can change based on fitness

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13
Q

Sex ratio

A

Relative frequency of each sex type in population

1:1 average

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14
Q

Epigenetics

A

Genes that are dominated in certain environments will show

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15
Q

Frequency dependant selection

A

Relative fitness of producing males or females

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16
Q

B.I.D.E dynamics

A

Population size based on birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration

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17
Q

Population change equation

A

N(N+1) = N(t)+I-D-E

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18
Q

N(T+1)

A

Population at some point in the future

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19
Q

N+

A

Population at earlier time

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20
Q

t

A

Time

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21
Q

Density dependant factors

A

Influenced by population density (competitors, predators)

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22
Q

Density independent factors

A

Do not vary with population density (extreme temps, floods)

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23
Q

Ro

A

Net reproductive rates

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24
Q

🖇

A

Geometric rate of increase

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25
Q

t

A

Generation time

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26
Q

r

A

Per capita rate of increase

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27
Q

Fecundity schedule

A

Birth rates for females of different ages

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28
Q

Net reproductive rate

A

Average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population per generation

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29
Q

Life table gibberish

Lx

A

Proportion surviving

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30
Q

Mx

A

Number of seeds per individual

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31
Q

In the presence of abundant resources, _______ can grow at ______ or ______ rates

A

Populations

Geometric or exponential rates

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32
Q

Exponential growth

A

Populations overlapping genes have continuous growth

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33
Q

Logistic population rates

A

If resources are limited population size rate slows and eventually stops

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34
Q

Logistical population growth

A

If resources are limited population size rate slows and eventually stops

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35
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Birth and death rates equal

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36
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

Complete competitors cannot coexist

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37
Q

Some potential mechanics of coexistence

A
  • spatial heterogeneity in strength of coexistence
  • variation in competitive ability with species
  • competitive equivalence
38
Q

Completion can have significant effects on species _______ and ______

A

Coexistence

Direction of evolution

39
Q

Realized niche

A

Range of conditions under which species is found

40
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Where it can survive

41
Q

Character displacement

A

Competition between species living together can evolve differences between them, though they’re nearly identical to living apart

42
Q

Criteria for character displacement

A

Genetics basis, ruled out from evolution

43
Q

Exploitation

A

Interaction between populations that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing fitness of exploited individual

44
Q

Herbivores

A

Consume live plant material but usually don’t kill plants

45
Q

Predators

A

Kill and consume other organisms

46
Q

Plant defences

A

Thorns, far to reach parts, toxins

47
Q

Plants defences may be

A

Constitutive or induced

48
Q

Constitutive

A

Produced continuously, regardless of environment

49
Q

Induced

A

Increase rapidly in response to herbivore damage

50
Q

Prey populations are influenced by

A

Food availability, consumptions by predators, and by nonconsumptive effects of predators

51
Q

Consumptive effects

A

Direct effects of predation on prey populations through capture and consumption of prey

52
Q

Non consumptive effect

A

Changes as consequences of presence even when preys not killed

53
Q

Interactions can be

A

Positive, negative, or neutral

54
Q

-,-

A

Individuals compete for same resources (both lose)

55
Q

+,-

A

One gains from exploring the other (predator-prey)

56
Q

+,+

A

Both gains from interactions (mutualism)

57
Q

Individuals can compete with

A

Same species or different species

58
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Among members of same species

59
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Among members of two species

60
Q

Resource limitation

A

Limited resources, space, etc leads to either interference competition or exploitative competition

61
Q

Interference competition

A

Direct aggressive interaction between individuals

62
Q

Exploitative competition

A

Competition to secure resources first

63
Q

Mutual exploitations

A

Benefit to each species in exploiting the other is greater than the cost of being exploited

64
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Organisms which benefit one another live in close proximity to each other

65
Q

Mutualism

A

Interactions between individuals of different species that benefits both

(Ants on plant)
Plant provides food, ants protect plant

66
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Species does not require mutualistic partner for survival

67
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

Species is dependent on mutualistic relationship

68
Q

_____ are thought to have originated from ____ associations

A

Eukaryotes

Mutualistic

69
Q

Disease

A

Atypical conditions in living organism that cause some sort of physiological impairment

70
Q

What cause diseases

A

Genetic abnormalities, exposure to toxins, other organisms

71
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Transfer of disease among individuals of same generation

72
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Disease transfer from parent to offspring

73
Q

Herd immunity

A

Pathogen population growth rates lead pathogen to extinction

74
Q

Many interactions can switch from _____ to _____ depending on specific conditions of the environment

A

Parasitism to mutualism

75
Q

Community

A

Multiple species interacting in a defined area

76
Q

Community structure

A

Includes attributes such as number of species, Relative species abundance, and species diversity

77
Q

Guild

A

Group of organisms that makes a living in similar way

78
Q

Species diversity

A

Combination of the number of species and their relative abundance

79
Q

Species richness

A

Number of species found in a community

80
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Measure of local diversity

81
Q

Beta diversity

A

Measure of the differences among communities within the region or landscape

82
Q

Gamma diversity

A

Measure of regional or landscape diversity

83
Q

Patterns of species abundance

A

Relative abundance of species is one of the most fundemental aspects of community structure

84
Q

Dominance

A

One or a few species are substantially more abundant then other species in community

85
Q

2 types of species diversity

A

Eveness

Richness

86
Q

Ecological services

A

Process and resources of value to humans provided by ecological systems

Process typically called ecological functions

87
Q

Ecosystem function

A

Process within an ecosystem such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, or carbon sequestration

88
Q

3 mins mechanisms proposed how biodiversity could enhance productivity

A

Complementarity

Facilitation

Sampling effect

89
Q

Complemntariryy

A

Based on niche theory; production highest in ecosystem being most fully exploited

90
Q

Facilitation

A

Some species enhance growth of others

91
Q

Sampling effect

A

Based on assumption that functions of communities with low species eveness are driven by dominant species

Geography (5 decks)

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