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BIOLOGY FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Population structure

A

Patterns of mortality, age, distribution, sex ratios, and dispersal

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2
Q

Survivorship curve summarized what?

A

Pattern of survival and mortality among individuals

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3
Q

Survivorship curve

A

Summarized the pattern of survival in a population

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4
Q

Life table

A

Book keeping devices to track births

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5
Q

Cohort life table

A

Identify individuals born at same time, keeping records from birth

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6
Q

Static life table

A

Record age at depth over narrow window of time

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7
Q

Age distribution

A

Calculate differences in proportion of individuals in each age class

By studying history of populations, ecologist can predict future

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8
Q

Type 1

A

High young rate, offers die

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9
Q

Type 2

A

Equals rates of death regardless of age

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10
Q

Type 3

A

High death rates at young, low rates at old age

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11
Q

Age distribution of population reflects its

A

History of survival, reproduction, and potential for future growth

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12
Q

Shifting age distributions in available climates

A

Population, sex rates: can change based on fitness

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13
Q

Sex ratio

A

Relative frequency of each sex type in population

1:1 average

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14
Q

Epigenetics

A

Genes that are dominated in certain environments will show

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15
Q

Frequency dependant selection

A

Relative fitness of producing males or females

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16
Q

B.I.D.E dynamics

A

Population size based on birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration

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17
Q

Population change equation

A

N(N+1) = N(t)+I-D-E

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18
Q

N(T+1)

A

Population at some point in the future

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19
Q

N+

A

Population at earlier time

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20
Q

t

A

Time

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21
Q

Density dependant factors

A

Influenced by population density (competitors, predators)

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22
Q

Density independent factors

A

Do not vary with population density (extreme temps, floods)

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23
Q

Ro

A

Net reproductive rates

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24
Q

🖇

A

Geometric rate of increase

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25
t
Generation time
26
r
Per capita rate of increase
27
Fecundity schedule
Birth rates for females of different ages
28
Net reproductive rate
Average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population per generation
29
Life table gibberish Lx
Proportion surviving
30
Mx
Number of seeds per individual
31
In the presence of abundant resources, _______ can grow at ______ or ______ rates
Populations | Geometric or exponential rates
32
Exponential growth
Populations overlapping genes have continuous growth
33
Logistic population rates
If resources are limited population size rate slows and eventually stops
34
Logistical population growth
If resources are limited population size rate slows and eventually stops
35
Carrying capacity
Birth and death rates equal
36
Competitive exclusion principle
Complete competitors cannot coexist
37
Some potential mechanics of coexistence
- spatial heterogeneity in strength of coexistence - variation in competitive ability with species - competitive equivalence
38
Completion can have significant effects on species _______ and ______
Coexistence Direction of evolution
39
Realized niche
Range of conditions under which species is found
40
Fundamental niche
Where it can survive
41
Character displacement
Competition between species living together can evolve differences between them, though they’re nearly identical to living apart
42
Criteria for character displacement
Genetics basis, ruled out from evolution
43
Exploitation
Interaction between populations that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing fitness of exploited individual
44
Herbivores
Consume live plant material but usually don’t kill plants
45
Predators
Kill and consume other organisms
46
Plant defences
Thorns, far to reach parts, toxins
47
Plants defences may be
Constitutive or induced
48
Constitutive
Produced continuously, regardless of environment
49
Induced
Increase rapidly in response to herbivore damage
50
Prey populations are influenced by
Food availability, consumptions by predators, and by nonconsumptive effects of predators
51
Consumptive effects
Direct effects of predation on prey populations through capture and consumption of prey
52
Non consumptive effect
Changes as consequences of presence even when preys not killed
53
Interactions can be
Positive, negative, or neutral
54
-,-
Individuals compete for same resources (both lose)
55
+,-
One gains from exploring the other (predator-prey)
56
+,+
Both gains from interactions (mutualism)
57
Individuals can compete with
Same species or different species
58
Intraspecific competition
Among members of same species
59
Interspecific competition
Among members of two species
60
Resource limitation
Limited resources, space, etc leads to either interference competition or exploitative competition
61
Interference competition
Direct aggressive interaction between individuals
62
Exploitative competition
Competition to secure resources first
63
Mutual exploitations
Benefit to each species in exploiting the other is greater than the cost of being exploited
64
Symbiotic relationships
Organisms which benefit one another live in close proximity to each other
65
Mutualism
Interactions between individuals of different species that benefits both (Ants on plant) Plant provides food, ants protect plant
66
Facultative mutualism
Species does not require mutualistic partner for survival
67
Obligate mutualism
Species is dependent on mutualistic relationship
68
_____ are thought to have originated from ____ associations
Eukaryotes Mutualistic
69
Disease
Atypical conditions in living organism that cause some sort of physiological impairment
70
What cause diseases
Genetic abnormalities, exposure to toxins, other organisms
71
Horizontal transmission
Transfer of disease among individuals of same generation
72
Vertical transmission
Disease transfer from parent to offspring
73
Herd immunity
Pathogen population growth rates lead pathogen to extinction
74
Many interactions can switch from _____ to _____ depending on specific conditions of the environment
Parasitism to mutualism
75
Community
Multiple species interacting in a defined area
76
Community structure
Includes attributes such as number of species, Relative species abundance, and species diversity
77
Guild
Group of organisms that makes a living in similar way
78
Species diversity
Combination of the number of species and their relative abundance
79
Species richness
Number of species found in a community
80
Alpha diversity
Measure of local diversity
81
Beta diversity
Measure of the differences among communities within the region or landscape
82
Gamma diversity
Measure of regional or landscape diversity
83
Patterns of species abundance
Relative abundance of species is one of the most fundemental aspects of community structure
84
Dominance
One or a few species are substantially more abundant then other species in community
85
2 types of species diversity
Eveness Richness
86
Ecological services
Process and resources of value to humans provided by ecological systems Process typically called ecological functions
87
Ecosystem function
Process within an ecosystem such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, or carbon sequestration
88
3 mins mechanisms proposed how biodiversity could enhance productivity
Complementarity Facilitation Sampling effect
89
Complemntariryy
Based on niche theory; production highest in ecosystem being most fully exploited
90
Facilitation
Some species enhance growth of others
91
Sampling effect
Based on assumption that functions of communities with low species eveness are driven by dominant species

Geography (5 decks)

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