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Geography > GEOGRAPHY FINAL > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Detachment

A

Refers to the detachment of rock particles from a cohesive mass in a bedrock channel

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2
Q

2 ways of detachment

A

Quarrying and abrasion

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3
Q

Quarrying

A

Rock is shattered by the shock waves created by the implosion of small, airless bubbles. These vacuum bubbles form in very fast moving water

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4
Q

Abrasion

A

Grinding down of rock by the impact of sediment particles (like sand pappering)

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5
Q

Detachment is most common where?

A

Bedrock streams or river channels

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6
Q

Bank carving

A

Collapsing banks into river to deposit sediment

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7
Q

Second part of erosion: entrainment

A

Picking up or loose sediment from channel bed by the flow of streak water

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8
Q

Buoyancy

A

Define me later

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9
Q

Horizontal drag

A

Water flows left to right

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10
Q

Turbulence

A

Water curdles as it flows

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11
Q

3 parts to entrainment

A

Buoyancy

Horizontal drag

Turbulence

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12
Q

3 parts to transport in fluvial erosion

A

Bed load

Suspended load

Dissolved / solution load

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13
Q

Bedload

A

Sediment moves down bed (bottom) of stream

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14
Q

Two types of bed load

A

Saltation

Traction

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15
Q

Saltation

A

Bounce around, skip down stream

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16
Q

Traction

A

Roll on bed of stream

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17
Q

Suspended load

A

Rather than being on bottom, sediment is suspended

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18
Q

Dissolved / solution load

A

Minerals dissolved in water

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19
Q

Friction due to _____ lake velocity _____ at stream bed

A

Vegetation

Lower

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20
Q

Hjulstrom curve

A

Shows how fine sediment can be transported over a much large range of velocities than coarser particles

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21
Q

Different sizes and types of sediment are in _____ with different flow conditions

A

Equalibrium

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22
Q

Sediment is sorted during transport, with _____ sediment remaining up stream and ____ sediment travelling further down

A

Coarser

Finer

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23
Q

Deposition (aggradation)

A

Since deposition or aggradation by rivers and streams is dependant in flow velocity, the deposition
COME BACK TO ME LATR

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24
Q

Thalweg

A

The line of greatest velocity and depth in a stream or river when viewed from above

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25
Q

3 aspects to river shape

A

Channel crossing sections

Channel planimetric

Channel longitudinal shape

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26
Q

Channel cross sectional shape

A

The most effective shape is a parabolic curve, although in reality they have a trapezoidal shape

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27
Q

Channel plaimetric shape

A

Most river/ streams exhibit sinuosity

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28
Q

4 theories why rivers meander

A 
Coriolis force (bad)
Initial wiggling of the thalweg in a straight channel; results in bank erosion and altering

Dissipation or excess or free energy

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29
Q

Stochastic theory

A

Random geological obstacles cause river channels to be directed in different directions

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30
Q

With distance down stream, 2 things occur

A

Sediment becomes finer

Discharge increases

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31
Q

Discharge increases

A

Energy gets greater, work gets smaller

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32
Q

Work =

A

Transporting sediment load

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33
Q

Energy =

A

Flowing water

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34
Q

By _____ and using excess energy, the river is attempting to attain ____ between energy and work

A

Meandering

Equilibrium

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35
Q

Anabranching river

A

Has multiple channels that can be widely separated from each other and run long distances before rejoining main channel

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36
Q

Braided stream / river

A

More or less on channel that spilts by gravel bars

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37
Q

Characteristics of braided streams

A

Easily erode channel

High sediment load

Constant shifting of channels due to deposition

Steeper channel gradient composed to meandering river

Large and frequent fluctuations in discharge (trying to attain equilibrium)

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38
Q

Channel longitudinal shape

A

The gradient of a stream / river along its length from headwaters to mouth (known as longitudinal profile)

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39
Q

Gradient stream

A

Where energy and work are in balence

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40
Q

Convex long profiles can develop where the rivers work energy relation changes

A

(low energy, high work)

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41
Q

Irregularities in the long profile can be produced by

A

River flowing over more resistant bedrock

Legacy of Pleistocene glacial erosion

Change in sea level

Tech tonic uplift

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42
Q

Base level

A

Lowest elevation to which a stream / river can erode down to ultimate base level (aka ocean)

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43
Q

Knickpoint

A

Lowering base level (sudden drop in stream)

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44
Q

Antecedent stream

A

Posse very deep gorges along their stream

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45
Q

Littoral process

A

The sea coast or littoral zone can be viewed as an open system for energy and matter

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46
Q

High and low tide

A

Low tide: ebb tides

High tide: Flood tides

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47
Q

Energy in costal geomorphology

A

Waves and currents

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48
Q

Matter in costal geomorphology

A

Sediment, water

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49
Q

What creates most work in littoral zone

A

Waves

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50
Q

Wave size depends not only on wind speed and duration but also on _____

A

Fetch

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51
Q

Fetch

A

Distance in which wind blows

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52
Q

Wave patterns of the world are linked to

A

Global climate and patterns of water

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53
Q

2 types of ocean waves

A

1) tsunamis

2) storm surges

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54
Q

Tsunami

A

Caused from techtonics

Large wave

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55
Q

Storm surges

A

Created by hurricanes

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56
Q

Potential energy

A

From wave particles positioned above the wave trough

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57
Q

Kinetic energy

A

From waves circular motion

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58
Q

When waves approach the beach

A

Friction slows down, wavelengths decrease, wave height increases, velocity decreases

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59
Q

Swash

A

Water going onto the beach

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60
Q

Shingle beach

A

Rocks not sand

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61
Q

At littoral zone, potential energy from waves is converted to ______ ______ as the wave breaks

A

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is what causes geomorpholic work

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62
Q

Waves approach beaches at _____ angles

A

Oblique (doesn’t equal 90°)

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63
Q

Beachdrift

A

Produced in surf zone by combined effect of swash and backwash from individual waves

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64
Q

Longshore drift

A

Produced by longshore currents which is created by the refraction of waves arriving at the shoreline at oblique angles

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65
Q

Groynes

A

Concrete or rock structure that intersepts the sediment for the beach (makes beach grow)

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66
Q

Jetties

A

Built for a canal, interrupts sediment transport

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67
Q

Breakwater

A

Horizontal to coast

Block waves so that cant approach land

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68
Q

Hard

A

Made by humans, engineered

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69
Q

Soft

A

Modifying sediment

Ships dropping deposit

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70
Q

Rip current

A

Special current where waves approach at 90°

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71
Q

Rip feeders

A

Transport you into rip currents

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72
Q

Geomorphic process in littoral zone

A

Erosional coastlines

depositional coastlines

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73
Q

Erosional coastlines

A

Found on coastlines with significant vertical relief, often tectonically active and where energy is high

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74
Q

Depositional coastlines

A

Low relief, trailing edge of techtonic plate, sediment available from many sources in addition to erosion

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75
Q

Is the littoral zone depositional or erosional

A

It can be classified as one

Seasonal variation accounts for geomorphic work

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76
Q

Erosional landforms

A

Sea cliffs, sea arch, sea stack, wave cut platform, landslides

DEFINE THESE

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77
Q

Depositional landforms

A

Barrier spit, baymouth bar, lagoon, tombolo, shingle beach, barrier beaches

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78
Q

Biological process and features of coasts

A

Coral reefs

Mangrove swamps

Salt marshes

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79
Q

Coral reefs

A

The rocks of coral reefs are polyps

Polyps live symbiotically with algae and CaC03

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80
Q

Polyps

A

Skeletons of tiny marine animals

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81
Q

Specific conditions for coral

A

Clear, sediment free water

Water temps between 19-29

Max depth of 55 meters

Salinity of 27-40%

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82
Q

Eustatic sea level rise

A

Melting of glaciers raising water levels

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83
Q

Isostatic sea level rise

A

Techtonic subsidence. Rising of land or lowering of land

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84
Q

If island is sinking,coral will

A

Keep its growth to match the sinking

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85
Q

5 types of reefs

A

Fringing (surrounding coral rock)

Barrier (Enclosed by lagoons)

Almost atoll

Atoll (Circular ring shaped reefs)

Maketea

86
Q

Coral reefs are on a decline due to

A

Pollution

Damaging marine organisms and disease

Sedimentation

Warming of oceans

Acidification of ocean waters

87
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Temps over 30° causes coral to die

88
Q

2 types of sea level changes occur on time scales from century to millennia

A

Eustatic sea level change

Isostatic sea level change

89
Q

2 reasons for eustatic sea level change

A

Changes in water temp

Changes in extent of terrestrial glacial cover

90
Q

Isostatic sea level change cause

A

Uplift or subsidence of land surfaces due to techtonic forces

Unloading of rock by erosion

Glacial growth and shrinkage

91
Q

Isostatic rebound

A

Island lifts, sea level drops

92
Q

Techtonic Forces two points

A

Submerged coastlines

Emergent coastlines

93
Q

Submerged coastlines

A

Rising sea level frowns or submerges a coastline and its erosional and depositional landforms

94
Q

Emergent coastlines

A

Where lowered sea level exposes former sea floor; erosional or depositional landforms are raised above new sea level

95
Q

Glacial and periglacial geomorphology

A

The work of glaciers and ground Ice

96
Q

Glacier types (2 types)

A

Alpine glaciers

Continental ice sheets

97
Q

Ice apron

A

Ice stuck to mountain

98
Q

Cirque glacier

A

Wide/ round

99
Q

Valley glaciers

A

Occur in valleys, length > width

100
Q

Piedmont glacier

A

Pancake batter spreading out

101
Q

Icefields

A

Level area with ice

102
Q

Ice caps

A

Covers a large area, completely burring the landscape

103
Q

Ice sheets

A

Largest glaciers possible; Greenland and arctic

104
Q

GMB

A

Glacier mass balence

105
Q

_____ determines glaciers to carry out massive amounts of ______

A

GMD

Work

106
Q

Temporally (GMB)

A

Where mass balence year is divided into a winter balence and a summer balence

107
Q

Spatially (GMB)

A

Where the glacier is divided into o an accumulation zone and an ablation zone

108
Q

The mass balence at the end of each ______ year greatly differes

A

Balence

109
Q

Year after year, mass ice builds up In the -“______ zone and is lost from the _____ zone

A

Accumulation

Ablation

110
Q

Ablation is

A

Melting, evaporation, sublimation

111
Q

Important part of mass gain and loss

A

Avalanches

112
Q

Calving

A

ice breaks from a glacier into water to form an ice berg

113
Q

What is required in order to transfer mass ice from accumulation zone to the ablation zone

A

Glacial movement

114
Q

2 types of glacial movement

A

Creep or internal deformation

Basal slip

115
Q

Creep or internal deformation

A

Ice in glacier deforms

116
Q

Basal slip

A

Base of glacier slides on bedrock

117
Q

Crevass

A

Brittle ice that breaks when pressure is applied

118
Q

The glacial geomorphic system

A

Consist of sub systems that are linked together (see seperate page)

119
Q

Erosional processes in a glacial system

A

Glaciers are efficient erosional agents compared to most other types. Glaciers are covered in sediment

120
Q

Erosional detachment

A

Actual prising loose of material from a coherent mass, usually bedrock

121
Q

4 ways of erosional detachment

A

Periglacial weathering processes

Abrasion

Plucking

Dilation

122
Q

Periglacial weathering processes

A

Ground ice. Freeze thaw weathering

123
Q

Abrasion

A

Grinding of basal debris against the glacier bed

124
Q

Plucking

A

Water at base of glacier, either from pressure-melting, flows into joints in bedrock floor and refreezes

125
Q

Dilatation

A

Pressure release creates by erosion and removal of bedrock at glacier base results in fracturing of bedrock, making easier to erode

126
Q

Glacial erosion entrainment

A

Picking up broken rock

127
Q

Glacial erosion entrainment four types

A

Material transported by gravity, water, or wind into glacial surface

Traction

Regelation

Ploughing and squeezing

128
Q

Material transported by gravity, water, or wind into glacier surface

A

Landslides

Mudslides

129
Q

Traction

A

Applied by moving ice

130
Q

Regelation

A

Freezing of water produced by pressure melting at base of glacier which includes fine sediment in base

131
Q

Ploughing and squeezing

A

A glacier terminus advancing down valley pics up sediment as if advances over soft saturated material

132
Q

Small scale erosional features are found

A

Both continental and alpine

133
Q

Large scale landforms

A

Typically found in alpine glaciation

134
Q

Striations

A

Scratches from abrasion

135
Q

Chattermarks

A

Holes from plucking

136
Q

Glacial grooves

A

Smooth channels covered in bedrock

From abrasion

137
Q

Rock drumlins

A

Smooth bump in rock

138
Q

Roche moutonnee

A

Gentle side of mountain with a steep side

139
Q

Cirques

A

Large bowl on mountain

140
Q

Tarns

A

Lakes in cirques

141
Q

Horns

A

Top peak of mountains

142
Q

Glacial troughs

A

Classic u-shape

143
Q

Fjords

A

Glacial troughs filled with water

144
Q

Potternoster lakes

A

Series of lakes in chain

145
Q

Glacial transport (3)

A

Subglacial

Englacial

Superglacial

146
Q

Subglacial

A

Sediment transported under glacier

147
Q

Englacial

A

Sediment locked in ice

148
Q

Superglacial

A

Sediment on top of glacier

149
Q

Most glaciofluvial systems are

A

Besides streams or rivers

150
Q

Transport in glaviofluvial systems is

A

Episodic

151
Q

Moraines

A

Landforms created by till deposition

152
Q

Medial moraine

A

2 lateral moraines merge

153
Q

Terminal moraines

A

Deposits as glacier goes back

154
Q

Terminal and recessional moraines ca occur on _____ scale with ________ sized glaciers

A

Larger

Continental

155
Q

How are moraines great water aquifers

A

The size of the debris is perfect to hold water

156
Q

Ground moraine (till plain)

A

Flat featureless plains of sediment

157
Q

Drumlin

A

Direction of glacier movement makes a steep and low angled hill

158
Q

Kettle lake

A

Blocks of ice flowing from stream getting stuck, covered in sediment, then melting

159
Q

Hillslope geomorphology

A

The work of gravity and water

160
Q

Hill slope

A

All land with a gradient steep enough to affect both natural processes and human activities

161
Q

Why hill slopes

A

Theoretical

And practical

162
Q

Theoretical interest

A

Outputs from slip systems typically become inputs in other geomorphic systems

163
Q

Practical interest

A

Much of human activities take place on slopes and populated mountain region slopes must be put to work

Slopes affect agriculture, roads safety

164
Q

The ____ the slopes, the greater potential for _____

A

Steeper

Erosion

165
Q

Hillslopes as a system

A

Inputs: precipitation, sunlight
Outputs: evaporation
Transfers: run offs

166
Q

Fundemental of hillslope geomorphology, 2 broad types of movement

A

Waterborne

Mass movement

167
Q

Water borne (4)

A

Rainsplash

Sheetwash

Rilling

Gullying

168
Q

Rainsplash

A

Splash distance is greater downstream

169
Q

Sheet wash

A

Water washing over slopes in thin sheets

170
Q

Rilling

A

Tiny channels or water

Personal waterslides

171
Q

Gullying

A

Large transport of water

172
Q

Mass movement

A

Driven by gravity and aided by water

173
Q

Gravity induced stress

A

The driving force

Is needed to create mass movements

Angle of slope and weight of material

174
Q

Mathematical equation

A

F a W x sin u

F=stress
W= weight of slope material
U= slope angle

175
Q

Resting force

A

Force that wants to hold material to surface

176
Q

Resting force is dependant on

A

Characteristics of the rock

Presence of water

Seismic activity

177
Q

Characteristics of the rock, sediment, or regolith

A

Particle shape, size, bonding

178
Q

Presence of water

A

Raises the pure water pressure

Pressure exerted by water found in the pore spaces of rock, sediment, or regolith

179
Q

The angle at which material _____ is typically steep than the material that _______________

A

Fails

Comes to rest

180
Q

Angle of initial yield

A

Angle at which material fails

181
Q

Angle of repose

A

Angle material comes to rest

182
Q

Once slopes are set into motion, ______________ drops sharply even if water isn’t present. Especially in very large mass movements, __________ dramatically lowers frictional resistence, leading to ____________

A

Frictional resistance

Vibrational energy

Much longer runouts

183
Q

Types of mass movements

A

There are many types of mass movements, operating over many time scales

184
Q

Very slow mass movements

A

(Soil creep)

185
Q

Rapid mass movements

A

Mudflows, flowslides, rockfalls

186
Q

Mass movements classified on mechanisms of motion

A

Falls
Slides
Slumps
Flows

187
Q

Falls

A

Rock falling, very little or no water, small scale

188
Q

Slides

A

Translational slide: material slides parallel to slope

Little water

Slow to fast speeds

189
Q

Slumps

A

Hill slide roared backwards as it move little water

Typically small

190
Q

Flows

A

Require water

Mudflows, debris flow,

191
Q

Magnitude frequency spectrum

A

Small events occur often, large events occur rarely

192
Q

Special type of flow in periglacial regions containing ground ice or permafrost is:

A

Solifluction

193
Q

Active layer

A

Flows during the warm season due to melt water and rain are unable to penetrate frozen ground

194
Q

Creep

A

Extremely slow down slope movement of the surface layer of soil

195
Q

Reasons for creeps

Repeated expanding and contraction of soil particles

A

Freezing and thawing

Wetting and drying

Temperature variations

Grazing livestock and burrowing animals

196
Q

Terracettes

A

Produced by soil creep over many years

197
Q

Rock creep

A

Surface layers of layered and shattered rock

198
Q

Desert geomorphology

A

The work of wind and water

199
Q

Aeolian geomorphology

A

Processes common in desert and coastal environments

200
Q

What processes shape deserts

A

Fluvial geomorphic

201
Q

Climate feedbacks

A

amplify or reduce climate trends, either warming or cooling

202
Q

paleoclimatology

A

Study of natural climatic variability

203
Q

proxy methods

A

information about past environments that represent changes in climate

204
Q

Mangrove swamps

A

Trees, shrugs, and plants in intertidal areas

205
Q

Salt marshes

A

form in estuaries and behind barrier beaches and splits

206
Q

surface creep

A

Particles in wind that roll on ground as it is too heavy to be lifted

207
Q

Aolian deflation

A

Wind lifting and removing partciles from ground

208
Q

Aolian Abrasion

A

Grinding and shaping of rock due to “Sandblasting”

209
Q

Ventrifacts

A

Rocks that are polished from wind

210
Q

loess

A

Thick blanket of material

Geography (5 decks)

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