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Geography > Earth Science Fundementals > Flashcards

Earth Science Fundementals Flashcards

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1
Q

Spatial analysis

A

The study of movements of energy and matter in environment systems

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2
Q

Spatial analysis occurs

A

In one place to another and in one form to another

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3
Q

Physical geography

A

The spatial analysis of all physical elements and processes that make up the environment

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4
Q

Elements of physical geog

A

Energy, air, water, weather, climate, landforms, souls, animals, plants, micro organisms

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5
Q

Physical geog involves

A

The study of earths four great spheres

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6
Q

4 great spheres

A

Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere

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7
Q

Lithosphere

A

Earth

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8
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Water on earth

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9
Q

Atmosphere

A

Air

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10
Q

Biosphere

A

Living matter

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11
Q

Earth is an _______

A

Open system for energy, and a closed system for matter

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12
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Leads to the heating of the world

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13
Q

Geography is

A

interdisciplinary

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14
Q

Experimental method

A

Done in lab

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15
Q

Independent variable

A

Light, heat, moisture etc

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16
Q

Dependent variable

A

Tree growth

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17
Q

How to approach scientific method

A

In ways we can observe and measure phenomena in the natural world

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18
Q

General systems theory

A

The system view looks at the world in terms of relationship and interaction

Looks at the basic principles opposes to building blocks

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19
Q

System

A

Any set of ordered, interrelated things and their attributes, linked by flows of energy and matter

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20
Q

Two types of systems

A

Open and closed

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21
Q

Open system

A

Input and outputs

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22
Q

Closed systems

A

No inputs or output

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23
Q

Morphological system

A

Only concerned with the characteristics and arrangements of objects in a system

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24
Q

Cascading system

A

Concerned with flows of energy and matter through a system

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25
Q

Process response system

A

Concerned with the cause and effect relationships between the morphology of a system and the cascades of energy and matter through a system

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26
Q

Positive feedback

A

When the effect of change in a system is to cause the system to continue changing in the same direction: perhaps at an increased rate

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27
Q

Negative feedback

A

When the effect of change in a system is to counter act the impact of the initial change

To slow down, stop, or even reverse the initial change

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28
Q

Positive and negative feedback play an important role

A

In system change and stability

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29
Q

Are environmental systems are

A

Dynamic, they are constantly changing, at different time scales

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30
Q

3 kinds of equilibrium

A

Steady state equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium
Metastable equilibrium

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31
Q

Steady state equilibrium

A

The system fluctuates around a stable and unchanging but long term average condition

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32
Q

Steady state equilibrium in the environment

A

When the input and output of the system are equal over the extended period of time

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33
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

System fluctuates around a stable but changing long term average condition; this change is typically disguised by short term fluctuation

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34
Q

Metastable equilibrium

A

The system condition jumps up or down suddenly to a new long term average condition when a threshold or tipping point is exceeded

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35
Q

Geologic cycle

A

Made up of 3 cycle: Rock, Techtonic, hydrologic

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36
Q

Exogenic energy

A

Energy external to earth system (the sun). Drives geomorphic processes

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37
Q

Endogenic energy

A

Derives from earths hot inerior (7,000 degrees)

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38
Q

Denudational landscapes

A

Work down, eroded

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39
Q

Structural landform

A

Fold mountains, fault scrapes, Rift Valley

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40
Q

4 reasons to understand geologic cycle and debris cascade

A

1) helps us fit individual pieces of earths science puzzle together
2) they help us realize landscapes do change
3) they show that geomorphic landscapes are polycyclic
4) debris cascades remind us that landscapes are individual and typically polymeric

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41
Q

Polycyclic

A

Have undergone more than one cycle of creation (uplift and destruction)

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42
Q

4 reasons to understand the geologic cycle means we must know

A

Present day processes

Post process

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43
Q

Most important part of geologic time scale

A

Cenozoic era

Quaternary period

Holocene epoch

Pleistocene epoch

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44
Q

Cenozoic era

A

65 million years ago

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45
Q

Quaternary period

A

1.8 million years ago

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46
Q

Holocene epoch

A

0.01 million years ago to present

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47
Q

Pleistocene epoch

A

1.8 million years ago to .01 million years ago (ice age)

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48
Q

Rock are only so old because…..

A

Geomorphic processes have already destroyed older landscapes

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49
Q

Uniformitarism

A

The idea that the process currently acting now have been acting throughout time

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50
Q

Episodic

A

Not constantly operating (happens in short then not again)

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51
Q

(Neo) catastrophism

A

Dramatic landscape change can be achieved over a short time by processes such a earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, etc

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52
Q

Geologic structure

A

Ways rocks are put together

53
Q

Properties of weathered / eroded sediment in the debris cascade

A

Dissolved in stream

54
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic or non living natural solid compound

Has crystalline structure

55
Q

Rock

A

Assemblage of minerals or sediments bound together by pressure

56
Q

Sediment

A

Unconsolidated material from weathered or eroded rock

57
Q

3 types of rock

A

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

58
Q

Types of igneous

A

Intrusive

Extrusive

59
Q

Intrusive

A

Or plutonic

Granite
Diorite

60
Q

Extrusive

A

Or volcanic

Andesite
Obsidian

61
Q

Plutons

A

Magma under ground to form intrusive rocks

62
Q

Igneous rocks by chemistry

A

Felsic and malfic

63
Q

Felsic

A

Feldspar and silica

64
Q

Malfic

A

Magnesium and ferric

65
Q

Sedimentary

A

Lithification of 4 types of sediment by compaction, cementation and hardening

66
Q

4 types of sedimentary

A

Detrital material
Ancillary material
Clay materials
Dissolved substances

67
Q

Where can sedimentary rocks form?

A

Anywhere a geomorphic process takes place

68
Q

Geosyncline

A

Largest location where sediment can lay and get passed down

69
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Alteration of igneous or sedimentary rocks by introduction of heat, pressure, and /or hit liquids and gasses

70
Q

3 types of metamorphism

A

Thermal (heat)

Dynamic (pressure)

Metasomatic (chemical change from hot to fog)

71
Q

Metamorphism occurs near

A

Igneous activity and near boundaries of techtonic plates

72
Q

Continental drift

A

Back in the 1500’s, geographers wondered how the coastlines fit together

73
Q

Alfred Wegner

A

Coined the term “continental drift”

The theory that earths continents move around

74
Q

Panthalassa

A

All seas together

75
Q

Pangea

A

All continents together

76
Q

Laurasia

A

Northern half of Pangea

77
Q

Gondwana

A

Southern half of Pangea

78
Q

Earth is hold old

A

4.6 million years

79
Q

Rodinia

A

Super continent before Pangea

80
Q

Techtonic

A

Greek word, to build or construct

81
Q

Continents don’t move, they

A

Act as passengers to plate techtonics

82
Q

There are ___ larger and ____ smaller techtonic plates

A

7 and 12

83
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outer crust of earth

84
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Under lithosphere

85
Q

Sima

A

Silica and magnesium

86
Q

Sial

A

Silica and aluminum

87
Q

3 types of plates

A

Divergent plate boundary

Convergent plate boundary

Transform plate boundary

88
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

Techtonic plates being created

89
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

Techtonic plates being destroyed!

90
Q

3 types of plate boundaries

A

Oceanic continental

Oceanic oceanic

Continental continental

91
Q

Oceanic continental

A

Subduction destroys the oceanic crust

Gets pushed underneath

92
Q

Cascadia subduction zone

A

Mega thrust earthquake

93
Q

Oceanic oceanic

A

Deep sea trenches formed where one oceanic plate subducts benith another

94
Q

Continental continental

A

Two plates of continental crust collide

No volcanic activity

95
Q

Suture zone

A

Two its of crust join together

Only continental continental

96
Q

Transform plate boundaries

A

Techtonic plates sliding laterally past one another

97
Q

Creation of earths crust

A

3 ways!!

Cooling of magma at divergent plate boundary

Accretion of exotic terranes

Volcanism

98
Q

Accuration of exotic terranes

A

Eg BC geologic belts as a result of collisions at a convergant plate boundary

99
Q

Craton

A

Canadian Shield

100
Q

Volcanism

A

Can occur in 3 places

Convergent plate boundaries

Plate boundaries

Hotspots

101
Q

Hotspots

A

Volcanism in middle of plates

102
Q

Seamount

A

Hotspot volcano that is under water

103
Q

Earths crust can be ______ by _______ forces to produce _____ features

A

Deformed, techtonic, relief

Including mountains

104
Q

Orogenesis

A

Oros: mountain building
Genesis: birth of

Birth of mountains

105
Q

2 types of deformations

A

Folding and warping

Faulting

106
Q

Folding and warping and faulting types of stress

A

Tensile, compressive, and sheer

107
Q

Tensile

A

Pulled apart, leads to thinning crust, normal fault

108
Q

Compressive

A

Pushed together, folding, reverse fault

109
Q

Shear

A

Shearing twist laterally, folding, reverse fault

110
Q

Pg 131 fig 8

A

Anticline, syncline, hinge, overturned, anticline, thrust fault, synical ridge, anticline valley, dome and basin

111
Q

Faulting

A

Rocks breaks

112
Q

Normal fault

A

//

113
Q

Reverse fault

A

\

114
Q

Thrust fault

A

—>

115
Q

Strike slip fault

A

Shear stress

116
Q

Horst and graben

A

Series of faults, not just one

117
Q

Bolson

A

Valley between two ranges

118
Q

Playa lake

A

Lake that was evaporated

119
Q

Elastic rebound theory

A

First postulated by Harry Fielding after the San Fran earthquake

120
Q

What causes an earthquake

A

Strike slip fault creates friction creating stress, the fault slips, energy is released, and earthquake occurs

121
Q

Earthquakes occcur _____

A

Underground

122
Q

Focus

A

Origin of earthquake underground

123
Q

Epicentre

A

Located above focus on surface

124
Q

Seismic waves types

A

P waves

S waves

125
Q

P waves

A

Primary waves

Travel very quick, not really damaging

126
Q

S waves

A

Secondary waves

Travel slower, vertical shaking, very damaging

127
Q

P wave is felt as a _____ then the S wave occurs

A

Jump / shock

128
Q

How to know how far earthquake is

A

Measure how soon the S wave followed the p wave

129
Q

Cascadia subjection zone

A

Bc biggest threat for EQ

Geography (5 decks)

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