GEOLOGY Flashcards
Rock
a natural formed soil usually made of one or more minerals( exception- some are made from organic matter)
mineral
a solid naturally, inorganic substance(not formed from life) w a specific atomic structure
igneous
formed from cooled molten rock
Sedimentary
from sediments compacting together
Metamorphic
from other rocks that have been charged by heat and pressure
Sediment
pieces of broken down materials
Molten rock
Made liquid by heat; melted
Principle of Original Horizontality
This principle states that layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.
Uplift
\
| |
o y
pressure from one side underneath of the rock pushing it up
Cross-Cutting
—–//////—–
o y m
lava/molten rock flows down cutting the rock, OR pressure from under the rock causes molten
unconformity
o////////m
pressure pushed from under the lower rock and then water came and eroded the top layer to be flat.
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are usually made of what
Minerals
Which process is necessary for the formation of an igneous rock?
solidification
Name the “father of geology”
James Hutton
faulting/fracturing
y———_____
_____———–o
plates move
folding
y
/\/\/\
/\/\/\
o
pressure from the sides pushing towards one another creates folding
glacial erratic
y
___0___o
dragged there by a glacier and as it receded back it left it there
Fine texture
smaller sized grains/sedimen
Cementation
sediments naturally gluing together because of light pressure
Coarse texture
larger sized grains
Weathering
the wearing down of a rock
Erosion
the movement of newly created sediments from their original location
Bioclastic texture
immense heat and pressure exposed to a particular spot or a large region, resulting in rocks changing
Clastic texture
pieces of rock compacted together
Metamorphism
immense heat and pressure exposed to a particular spot or region, rustling in rocks changing.
Sediment
bits and pieces of a material (usually other rocks)
Evaporite Rocks
sedimentary rocks formed from water-soluble minerals compact together
precipitate
to separate from a solution as a precipitate i.e. salt
Crystalline
of or like crystal; clear; transparent.
what is mining
The process extracting and obtaining materials or other resources from Earth
What do we mine for?
coal, limestone, granite, marble, and other precious metals
Name several pros and cons of mining for natural resources
pros: money through taxes for gov’t, jobs and benefits for workers, opens up resources for luxuries and technology
cons: contaminates local water, removes vegetation and habitats
how would sandstone form
1- rocks become corroded
2- sand and tar sediments move and deposit
3-they start to heat up and compact
4-become sandstone
if you find coal buried under some layers of sediment on a far away planet, what does that mean?
this means there is carbon(which is what carbon is made of) or life on the planet. so life on planet = possible bc carbon will allow them to breathe. also under layers = been there a while
Describe the cycle of a rock transforming from metamorphic -> sedimentary -> metamorphic -> igneous -> metamorphic!
metamorphic - sed = erosion and the seds. deposit, heat and pressure compact to create sed. rock
sed-metamorphic = lots of heat and pressure would change the composition
metamorphic - igneous= heat up, then melt, then cool down creates igneous
igneous to metamorphic = heat and pressure change composition of the rock
why do archaeologists look for shale to find fossils
Fine-grained rock such as shale often contains fossils which are either perfectly preserved or crushed parallel to the bedding plane
originally began as mud and limy oozes at the bottom of a shallow tropical sea
in one sentence explain why limestone and marble both react with acid solutions
they are both composed of CaCO3 which reacts with acids
in one sentence explain what happeneds to crystal/sediments that have longer time to form
1- less shiny
2- higher crystals but less of them bc they are higher
where do rock salts typically grow
shallow seas.
whats the difference btwn breccia and conglomerate
breccia= more angular congo= more round
