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Musica Ficta > Geology > Flashcards

Geology Flashcards

1
Q

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

A

boundary between crust and mantle

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2
Q

Where does Earth’s heat come from?

A

Collisions from early Earth days, radioactive decay and rocks are just poor conductors of heat

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3
Q

How do we know Earth has a large collision in it’s past?

A

Increased spin
Tilted axis
Moon rocks have similar composition to Earth rocks

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4
Q

What are the chemical layers of the Earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common elements in the Earth?

A

Iron, oxygen, and silicon

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6
Q

What are the 3 most common elements in the CRUST?

A

Oxygen, silicon, and aluminum

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7
Q

What is the core mainly made of?

A

Iron

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8
Q

T or F: The mantle is liquid

A

false

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9
Q

what type of crust is thicker?

A

continental crust

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10
Q

what type of crust is denser?

A

oceanic

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11
Q

how do plate tectonics move?

A

convection in the mantle

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12
Q

how does convection work?

A

as material heats up, it sinks while the material that’s cooler will rise

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13
Q

what is uniformitarianism

A

the idea that the processes we see occuring today, most likely occurred in Earth’s ancient past

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14
Q

What was the theory of continental drift missing that plate tectonic theory is not?

A

a way to explain the plates moving

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15
Q

what do we find at the top of Mt. Everest

A

seashells

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16
Q

What fossils were found on the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa that support the theory of Plate Tectonics?

A

mesosaurus

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17
Q

what’s the difference between a rock and a mineral

A

a mineral makes up rocks

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18
Q

3 different rock types

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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19
Q

what makes a mineral a mineral?

A

Naturally occurring
Specific chemical composition
Relatively inorganic
Natural, crystalline substances

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20
Q

what are the mineral properties we test

A

hardness, luster/color, streak, cleavage, magnetic, reacts to acid

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21
Q

is synthetic diamond a mineral?

A

no, it is not naturally occuring

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22
Q

is ice a mineral

A

yes

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23
Q

is coal a mineral

A

no, it comes from organic material

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24
Q

is quartz a mineral

A

yes

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25
Q

what is the atomic number

A

the number of protons

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26
Q

what is the atomic mass

A

proton and neutrons

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27
Q

what are isotopes of

A

atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons

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28
Q

is a cation positively or negatively charged

A

positive

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29
Q

is an anion positive or negative

A

negative

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30
Q

which chemical bond is stronger

A

covalent bonding

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31
Q

what are the two main types of bonding

A

ionic and covalent

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32
Q

how does covalent bonding work

A

electrons are shared

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33
Q

which are larger - cations or anions

A

anions

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34
Q

an atom that has gained electrons is called..

A

anion

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35
Q

Large, well defined crystals suggest what about it’s growth and space?

A

steady growth and lots of space

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36
Q

Small, poorly formed crystals suggest what about it’s growth and space?

A

smaller space and rapid cooling

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37
Q

The process of turning a liquid into a solid with crystals in it is called…

A

crystallization

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38
Q

What happens when we apply pressure to a mineral?

A

becomes denser, melting temp. increases, changes crystal structure

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39
Q

What do we call minerals made of the same thing but produced under different conditions? (Ex. Graphite and diamond)

A

polymorphs

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40
Q

what is the most common of the mineral groups?

A

silicates

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41
Q

what mineral class would calcite be (CaCO3)

A

carbonate

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42
Q

What mineral class would pyrite be (FeS2)

A

sulfides

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43
Q

what mineral class would hematite be (Fe2O3)

A

oxide

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44
Q

what mineral class would gypsum be (CaSO4)

A

sulfates

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45
Q

why do we use gypsum for drywall

A

it contains water, a natural flame retardant

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46
Q

what mineral class does gold fall into? (Au)

A

native element

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47
Q

what is the name of the scale we use to measure hardness

A

mohs scale

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48
Q

what is the softest mineral on the mohls scale

A

talc

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49
Q

what is the hardest mineral on the mohs scale

A

diamond

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50
Q

what is it called when a mineral breaks irregularly

A

fracture

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51
Q

what is luster

A

how a mineral reflects light

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52
Q

how do igneous rocks form

A

it forms from cooling and crystallizing of magma or lava

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53
Q

slow cooling means what for igneous rocks?

A

smaller crystals

54
Q

which suggests faster cooling? extrusive or intrusive?

A

extrusive

55
Q

what is weathering

A

breakdown of rock

56
Q

what is erosion

A

process of sediments being carried away from their original location

57
Q

what are the two types of sediments

A

clastic and (bio)chemical

58
Q

what is lithification

A

process of making rock

59
Q

what are the two processes of lithification

A

compaction and cementation

60
Q

what is compaction

A

the process that presses sediments together

61
Q

what is cementation

A

the process in which dissolved mineral crystallize and glue particles of sediments together

62
Q

how do metamorphic rocks form

A

alteration of preexisting rock due to high T and P

63
Q

what are the 2 types of metamorphism

A

contact and regional

64
Q

how do the two types of metamorphism differ

A

contact - smaller areas, mainly high temperature
regional - large areas, mainly high pressure

65
Q

with what type of metamorphism do we get foliation

A

regional

66
Q

what rock types can be igneous?

A

sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks

67
Q

what type of rocks can become metamorphic

A

sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous

68
Q

which of these are extrusive? gabbro, basalt, granite, rhyolite

A

basalt and rhyolite

69
Q

which of these are intrusive? gabbro, basalt, granite, rhyolite

A

gabbro and granite

70
Q

which of these are felsic? gabbro, basalt, granite, rhyolite

A

granite and rhyolite

71
Q

which of these are mafic? gabbro, basalt, granite, rhyolite

A

gabbro and basalt

72
Q

how do we melt the mantle

A

add water
increase temperature
decrease pressure

73
Q

what causes the mantle to melt at the ocean-continent subduction zones

A

adding water

74
Q

what causes the mantle to melt at divergent boundaries

A

decrease pressure

75
Q

How do we know there are magma chambers beneath the surface? Or how big they are?

A

seismic waves, s-waves cannot travel through liquid

76
Q

how much of the mantle do we need to melt to form magma?

A

a little bit, <5%

77
Q

Magma/lava coming from the mantle tends to be mafic, felsic, or intermediate?

A

Mafic

78
Q

Which magma/lava type has the highest silica content?

A

Felsic

79
Q

which magma/lava type has the lowest silica content?

A

mafic

80
Q

what is fractional crystallization

A

crystallization of part of a magma, leaving behind melted rock with a different composition from the original magma

81
Q

highest to lowest silica content. andesite, basalt, granite

A

granite, andesite, basalt

82
Q

if we melt the mantle, what type of magma do we get

A

mafic

83
Q

what are the large intrusive magmatic bodies called

A

batholiths

84
Q

do sills cut across rocks or travel along the rock layers

A

along

85
Q

What are the two requirements to create foliation?

A

directed pressure and platy minerals

86
Q

what is the term used for a not-foliated metamorphic rock

A

granoblastic

87
Q

geothermal gradient

A

increasing in temperature with depth

88
Q

do we get a higher or lower geothermal gradient with a thinner plate

A

higher

89
Q

what is a geothermometer

A

mineral that tells you the temperature at which the rock was formed

90
Q

what is geobarometer

A

mineral that tells you the pressure at which the rock was formed

91
Q

metasomatism

A

hydrothermal fluid metamorphism that can alter minerology

92
Q

what are the two types of metamorphism

A

regional and contact

93
Q

what is regional metamorphism and where does it occur

A

metamorphism altering rocks due to temperature and pressure. Happens at convergent boundaries, forming large-scale linear belt regions.

94
Q

what is contact metamorphism and where does it occur

A

Metamorphism due to high temperature. Happens when magma or lava comes into direct contact with surrounding country rock. This can occur around magma chambers and lava flows.

95
Q

what type of metamorphism do we get at subduction zones (ocean-continent)

A

regional metamorphism with high pressure and low temperature

96
Q

example of platy minerals

A

mica, chlorite, biotite

97
Q

burial metamorphism

A

progressive burial of sediments (low-grade metamorphism). Example: Shale to Slate

98
Q

shock metamorphism

A

metamorphism due to ultra-high pressure (meteorite)

99
Q

foliation

A

rock that is sheeted. due to directed pressure. must have platy mineral

100
Q

directed pressure

A

pressure coming from one direction. example: convergent boundary

101
Q

confining pressure

A

pressure coming from all directions equally

102
Q

banding gneiss

A

present in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Minerals have separated into alternating layers. because of very high temperatures and pressures. Example: Gneiss

103
Q

what is the parent rock (protolith) to slate

A

shale

104
Q

what is the parent rock (protolith) to marble

A

limestone

105
Q

why do we get granoblastic (non-foliated) rocks

A

from a lack of deformation and lack of platy minerals

106
Q

example of a granoblastic rock

A

quartzite and marble

107
Q

what is the parent rock of quartzite

A

quartz sandstone

108
Q

slate

A

low grade metamorphic rock, minerals not visible

109
Q

phyllite

A

low grade metamorphic. glossy. mica and chlorite crystals are larger

110
Q

schist

A

mid-grade metamorphic. platy minerals large enough to see (mica and chlorite). Bands start separating. Wavy foliation

111
Q

gneiss

A

high-grade metamorphic rock. coarse. banding present. poor foliation

112
Q

migmatite

A

high grade metamorphic rock. almost igneous again

113
Q

sedimentary cycle

A

1) Weathering
2) Erosion
3) Transportation
4) Deposition
5) Burial
6) Diagenesis

114
Q

two categories of sedimentary rocks

A

clastic and biochemical

115
Q

clastic sedimentary rock

A

forms from physical weathering. mineralogy varies according to parent rock

116
Q

two categories of sedimentary rocks

A

clastic and biochemical

117
Q

clastic sedimentary rock

A

forms from physical weathering. mineralogy varies according to parent rock

118
Q

biochemical sedimentary rock

A

precipitation of dissolved products of weathering. Made up of remains of organisms as well as precipitation via biological processes

119
Q

continental environments

A

alluvial (rivers), desert, lake, glacial

120
Q

shoreline environments

A

deltas, tidal flats, beach

121
Q

marine environments

A

continental-shelf, organic reef, continental margin, deep sea

122
Q

lithification

A

making sediments into rock

123
Q

diagnesis

A

physical and chemical changes due to mild temp and pressure

124
Q

cementation

A

chemical diagnosis, minerals, precipitate in pore spaces, minerals bind clastic sediments together.

125
Q

compaction

A

physical trait. compression due to pressure

126
Q

coarse-grained sedimentary rocks

A

gravel, conglomerate

127
Q

medium grained sedimentary rocks

A

sandstone

128
Q

fine-grained sedimentary rock

A

siltstone, mudstone, shale, clay

129
Q

carbonates (sedimentary rocks)

A

derived from shells and organic structure

130
Q

low to high grade metamorphism

A

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, migmatite

131
Q
A

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