GEOLOGY Flashcards by Lucas Villanueva

Links the islands of Tacloban, Samar, and Leyte has held the title of the longest bridge in the Philippines spanning total length of 2,164 meters or 2.1 kilometers since 1973.

San Juanico Bridge

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Measures 8.9 kilometers long, significantly dwarfing the San Juanico Bridge

Cebu-Cordova bridge
Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway
CCLEX

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May be defined as a structure built over a river, a dry valley, low land or an estuary or any depressed part of the land to provide a link between the two opposite sides or without blocking the way underneath.

Bridge

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It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross.

Bridge

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Is the significant structural piece of bridges and it also the main component or segment part of the bridge.

Foundation

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It gets the loads from the piers or abutments and moves it to the soil.

Foundation

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Are particularly essential or critical since they ought to maintain the entire load of the bridge and the traffic loads that it will pass on.

Bridge foundation

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Is the part built under the pier or abutment and over the fundamental soil or rock.

Bridge foundation

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The loads sent by the foundations to the subordinate soil should not cause soil shear failure or harming settlement of the superstructure.

Bridge foundation

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Is to convey the load of bridge over an enormous bearing region and give solidness of bridge against settlement and shifting.

Purpose of Bridge Foundation

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It is given adequately profound with the goal that it not influenced by the scouring.

Purpose of Bridge Foundation

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It is provide sufficient deep so that it not affected.

Purpose of Bridge Foundation

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Is to allow people or cargo easy passage over an obstacle by providing a route that would otherwise be uneven or impossible

Purpose of Bridge Foundation

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The foundation carries the load of the superstructure, and substructure and transfers it to the underlying hard ground.

Function of Bridge Foundation

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Foundation is an integral part of a bridge and is placed below the substructure and sits underneath the level of the soil and rests above the hard or solid strata.

Function of Bridge Foundation

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A Bridge foundation/Pier is provided to hold the bridge span and transmit the load to the ground. This smeans that the Bridge Foundation needs to be robust enough to not only holds the vertical load of the substructure but also hold the lateral stress of the bridge span.

Function of Bridge Foundation

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The bridge foundation is imperiled by the load from all directions, also called multi-axial loads. But still, most of the load it bears comes in the form of vertical load and is termed as compression load.

Function of Bridge Foundation

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Two Types of Bridge Foundation

Shallow
Deep

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commonly distribute loads from the bridge across a spread-out area of soil not far below the surface of the ground. Shallow foundations rely on soils with large bearing capacity to support the loads from the bridge.

Shallow foundations

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also known as continuous footing, is a type of foundation commonly used in construction.

Spread footing

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It is a reinforced concrete slab that extends under the entire perimeter of a structure, distributing the weight of the building evenly over the soil.

Spread footing

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It is utilized to support the column & walls and additionally to convey & disseminate the load coming to the structure to the soil below it.

Spread footing

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It is a type of foundation constructed combining two columns.

Combined Footing

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is constructed when the isolated footing can not take bear the applied load along or when there are two columns closed by.

Combined Footing

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it used in situations when the soil capacity of the proposed site is inadequate.

Combined Footing

is a reinforced concrete slab under the whole of a building or extension, 'floating' on the ground as a raft floats on water.

Raft Footing

This type of foundation spreads the load of the building over a larger area than other foundations, lowering the pressure on the ground.

Raft Footing

it is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial buildings where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos, foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc.

Raft Footing

is a special type of shallow foundation that is constructed to take heavy structural loads from columns, piers or beams and also transfer to the soil below.

Grillage Foundation

It is employed when the bearing capacity of the soil is poor and need to avoid the use of deep foundation.

Grillage Foundation

This type of foundation is generally used for heavy structural columns, piers, and scaffolds where the foundation is expected to disperse heavy loads over large areas.

Grillage Foundation

Are long, thin elements generally made of steel or reinforced concrete.

Pile foundations

They transfer the load through weak, compressible material onto more compact, less compressible stiffer soil or rock at greater depth.

Pile foundations

are principally used to transfer the loads from superstructures, through weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible and stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of a foundation and resisting horizontal loads

Pile foundations

It is also known as pier foundations, are prefabricated hollow substructures designed to be constructed on or near the surface of the ground, sunk to the desired depth and then filled with concrete, thus ultimately becoming an integral part of the permanent structure.

Caission/Well Foundation

is most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water.

Caission/Well Foundation

are enclosures built within a body of water that allow workers to pump water out of a specific area.

Coffer Dams

create a dry location beneath the surface to work on underwater sections of the structure.

Coffer Dams

it is a structure that retains water and allows a work area to be dewatered so that crews can pour concrete, excavate, repair, weld, etc.

Coffer Dams

are man-made or artificial barriers usually constructed across a stream channel to impound water.

Dams

are typically provided with spillway systems to safely pass a broad range of flows over, around or through the dam.

Dams

is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams.

Dams

provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability.

Dams

is a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water.

Dam

are constructed on rock foundations because of their enormous weight.

Concrete dams

have a very large load bearing capacity, resist erosion, and reduce permeability.

Rock foundations

A soil with a high permeability allows water to flow underneath the dam.

Foundation

A dam holds water for later use, irrigation, navigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, fishing, and recreation.

Purpose of Dams Foundation

People build dams to control water—to make sure the right amount is at the right place at the right time. River water rises behind dams, forming artificial lakes called reservoirs. The stored water can be used to generate electricity or to supply water for homes and industries, for irrigation or for navigation.

Purpose of Dams Foundation

The primary purpose of dams is for storage and safe retention of water in large quantity which is subsequently released to achieve various purposes such as irrigation, hydropower, recreation, water supply, flood prevention etc.

Purpose of Dams Foundation

A dam is a structure built across a stream or river to hold water back. Dams can be used to store water, control flooding, and generate electricity.

Purpose of Dams Foundation

They are known as gravity dams because it is their own weight that is responsible for resisting the thrust of the water.

Gravity Dams

Normally built of concrete, which has a high density, the frictional force between the foundations and the dam is very high and is thus responsible for preventing sliding due to the thrust of the water.

Gravity Dams

As the name suggests, in this type of dam the predominant shape is that of an arch, and it is precisely its curvature that resists the thrust of the water.

Arch Dams

It is important that a very high-strength material is used in the abutments of the downstream boundary - the sides of the dam - as this is where the greatest stress is produced.

Arch Dams

Arch-gravity dams - combine elements of the arch dam and the gravity dam

Arch Dams

These types of dams are somewhat similar to gravity dams in that, in terms of their resistance mechanism, they have a series of buttresses to provide stability against sliding and overturning.

Hollow/buttress Dam

Less material is used than in gravity dams, but they are more technically complex.

Hollow/buttress Dam

Types of Dam/ Weirs Foundation

Gravity Dams Arch Dams Hollow/buttress Dam

is to keep river banks from spilling over or to control the flow of ocean waves.

Levees

are typically earthen embankments that are designed to control, divert, or contain the flow of water to reduce flood risk.

Levees

(also known as perforated dams) are constructed solely for the purpose of flood control and mitigation of flood risks in downstream communities and ecosystems.

Flow-through dams

In terms of adaptation, the flow-through dam structure functions to reduce damage to urban areas downstream along the river, by cutting the peak flow of flood waters.

Flow-through dams

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant

Impoundment

typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir.

Impoundment

Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity.

Impoundment

sometimes called a “run-of-river” facility, channels a portion of a river through a canal and/or a penstock to utilize the natural decline of the river bed elevation to produce energy.

Diversion

is a closed conduit that channels the flow of water to turbines with water flow regulated by gates, valves, and turbines

penstock

is able to store the electricity generated by other power sources, like solar, wind, and nuclear, for later use.

Pumped Storage

These facilities store energy by pumping water from a reservoir at a lower elevation to a reservoir at a higher elevation..

Pumped Storage

materials used for construction of dams

earth rock tailings from mining or milling concrete masonry steel timber miscellaneous materials (such as plastic or rubber) any combination of these materials

Types of Machineries in making Dams

EXCAVATOR LOADERS COMPACTORS

Dams for generating Electricity

Impoundment Diversion Pumped Storage

Subtypes of Shallow Foundation

Spread Footing Combined Footing Raft Footing Grillage Foundation

Subtypes of Deep Foundation

Pile foundations Caission/Well Foundation Coffer Dams

is an artificial lake where water is stored.

Reservoir

are formed by constructing dams across rivers.

Reservoir

can also be formed from a natural lake whose outlet has been dammed to control the water level

Reservoir

TYPES OF RESERVOIR

*VALLEY-DAMMED *BANK-SIDE *SERVICE RESERVOIR

A dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir.

VALLEY-DAMMED

Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a valley downstream of a natural basin.

VALLEY-DAMMED

are contained by the walls of a valley, like those found in mountain ranges.

Valley-dammed reservoir

re reservoirs made by diverting water from a river or other body of water into an existing reservoir. The existing reservoir has high embankments and is typically larger than 3.7 miles in circumference.

Bank-side reservoirs

is a reservoir that is completely man-made.

service reservoir

can be built into the ground like bank-side or valley-dammed reservoirs, but they can also be above ground, like water tanks found in some cities

service reservoir

A service reservoir that is entirely underground

cistern

VARIOUS PURPOSE OF RESERVOIR

Water supply for domestic and industrial demand Irrigation Flood control Fish Culture Hydropower Plant Sedimentation control Navigation purpose

The area from which a surface watercourse or a groundwater system derives its water.

CATCHMENT AREAS

are separated by divides

Catchments

may overlie an aquifer system, but may be unconnected with the aquifer rock itself if there are intervening impermeable aquicludes

surface catchment area

CATCHMENT AREAS

*Land is not leveled everywhere. *The topography consists of plain land and mountains. *Rain water from mountain top of high land flows on slopes. *This flowing water accumulates on a plain area known as catchment.

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CATCHMENT

Natural Resources Wind, sunlight and vegetation types Local and social problems Topography of the area

SIZE OF CATCHMENT AREA

It can be small or big It can be of 10 to 20 hectares or size of river basin.

HOW TO SELECT A CATCHMENT

~Catchment area consists a river basin or a source stream ~It can span a huge area ~The size should not be small or too big ~Smallcatchment area is not beneficial for storage ~It should be selected such that minimum 5 villages are benefitted.

WHAT CAN BE DONE UNDER CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT?

~Developing contours in a level ~Developing a small dam ~Constructing small lake ~Constructing a Bund ~Leveling a land under catchment area ~Plantation of trees surrounding the area

SOLUTIONS THROUGH CATCHMENT DEVELOPMENT

~Crop Pattern accordibg to category of land ~Intercropping ~Multiple Cropping ~Plantation on slopes ~Controlling water flow and floods. ~Increased moisture of soil

BENEFICIARIES OF CATCHMENT AREA

~Agriculture as well as barren lands ~Villagers ~Domestic animals and cattles ~Forested Areas ~Areas under Plantation

BENEFICIARIES OF CATCHMENT AREA

~Agriculture as well as barren lands ~Villagers ~Domestic animals and cattles ~Forested Areas ~Areas under Plantation

is the process in which materials are injected into cavities or cracks in concrete, masonry structure, soil, and rock mass to increase the structure's load-bearing capacity refer to grouting, and the material used for this process is called grout.

Grouting

is carried out by driving pipes or boring holes into the ground, and then pumping the grout solution at high pressure through inserted tubes

Grouting

TYPES OF GROUTING

1.CEMENT GROUTING 2.CHEMICAL GROUTING 3.COMPACTION GROUTING 4.JET GROUTING 5.BITUMINOUS GROUTING

Is the process of injection of cement or grout under pressure to fill voids or fractures in the soil, rock unit, or concrete structure. This helps in preconstruction site improvement, arrest foundation settlement, etc.

Cement grouting

is a form of permeation grouting in which the solutions used in the grouts are acrylamides, polyurethanes, acrylates, epoxies, and sodium silicates. The two types of chemical grouting are structural and water control grouting.

Chemical grouting

is a cost-effective technique for re-compaction and stabilization of sub-soils to greater depths. This type of compaction grouting is to used reduce the damage of liquefaction of soils during seismic events.

COMPACTION GROUTING

is an in-site construction technique that is used to improve the mechanical characteristics of soil, with the help of a grouting monitor which is attached to the end of a drill stem. This type of grouting is used in places where increased stability and bearing capacity or decreased permeability is required.

JET GROUTING

is suitable for waterproofing above or below ground level as protective coatings. They also can be used for membrane waterproofing or bedding and filling the joints of brickwork. Either asphaltic or coal-tar pitch materials of damp proofing and waterproofing grade are used, together with mineral aggregates as coarse as sand.

BITUMINOUS GROUTING

APPLICATION OF GROUTING

Stopping water flows in mines, tunnels, parkades, dams, and underground structures Soil stabilization. Underpinning structures, and mining applications. Bearing capacity improvements. Reducing and correcting settlement. Ground improvements. To Provide excavation support. Filling the void between the lining and the rock face in tunneling. Unusual and difficult geotechnical and structural problems.