geology 1 Flashcards
what is matter
anything that contains mass and volume
what is an isotope
same atomic number but different number of neutrons
what criteria do minerals have to follow
naturally occurring solid definite chemical composition defined atomic pattern inorganic
2 types of luster
metallic and nonmetallic
what is a resource
a usable commodity
mineral resource-gold, silver, salt etc
fuel resource-coal,oil,natural gas, uranium etc
difference between renewable and non renewable
nonrenewable- limited around
renewable-infinite amount-trees,solar, wind
how is gold formed
igneous intrusions
deposited in veins
weathered out of vein then deposited in a river
how are diamond formed
kimberlite formations
extended deep in the earth
who is james hutton
the father of geology
3 rock types
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
two types of igneous rock and their characteristics
plutonic-form deep underground, from magma, contain large visible crystals
volcanic-form on the surface, from lava, contains small crystals
six types of igneous structures
laccolith-intrusive or extrusive lava flow-extrusive batholith-intrusive stock-intrusive dike-both sill-both
two types of classification for igneous rocks for color
mafic-dark
felsic- light
what is a metamorphic rock
a pre-exsisting rock that changed though heat and pressure
3 metamorphic forces
heat-magma or lava in contact with overlying rocks
pressure-compression of rocks
hot fluids-magma heats water-new minerals form
what is a foliated rock
contains layers
caused by plate tectonics
what is weathering, and the two types of weathering
the break down of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere
mechanical/physical
chemical
types of mechanical weathering
frost wedging-water gets in cracks and freezes
frost heaving-water gets in pores and expands
exfoliation-sheets fall off exposed rocks
root wedging
3 types of chemical weathering
hydrolysis/hydration-reaction with water
oxidation-reaction with air
dissolution-reaction with acids
3 agents of erosion
water-rivers move sediment down stream
wind-wind moves sediment
glaciers-ice moves sediment down slope
2 types of sedimentary rocks
clastic-form from. weathering of pre exsisting rock
organic/chemical- for from plants/animals
what is sorting
describes the size distribution in a rock well sorted sediments-sediments are all similar size
what is rounding
transport of sediments smooths weathered sediments
angular
rounded
well-rounded
describe high and medium energy sedimentary environments
high energy- large grains, poorly sorted, alluvial fans, conglomerate, graded bedding
medium energy-moderately to well sorted, grain sized particles, rivers, beaches, deserts, sandstone, ripple marks or crossbeds
describe low and no energy sedimentary environments
low energy- lakes, swamps, fine clay kids , shale and coal, mud cracks and fossil plants
no energy- very little sediment, coral reefs, limestone, fossils
what are fossil fuels
coal,oil,natural gas
must be extracted
non-renewable
uses-electricity and transport
what is alternative energy
renewable with little or no pollution electricity production don’t require mining not very reliable wind, solar, hydroelectric
