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Flashcards > Geography - Term 3 - TDC > Flashcards

Geography - Term 3 - TDC Flashcards

1
Q

what is weathering?

A

it is the wearing of rocks or soil which causes them to disappear or break down

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2
Q

what causes weathering?

A

the weather

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3
Q

what does weathering affect?

A

it affects the composition and shape of soil and rocks

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4
Q

what are the main contributors of weathering?

A

temperature and water

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5
Q

name the 3 types of weathering and explain each

A
  • physical weathering: physical forces such as temperature change and frost
  • biological weathering: caused by the action of plants and animals
  • chemical weathering: change in the chemical makeup of rocks that weakens them
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6
Q

explain freeze thaw action

A

freeze thaw takes place when water is collected in the cracks in rocks. as the water turns into ice, it increases in its volume and puts pressure on the inside of the cracks. takes many cycles of freezing and thawing to make piece of rocks fall off.

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7
Q

where is exfoliation common?

A

it is common in areas that are dry

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8
Q

what causes exfoliation?

A

big changes in temp during the day and night cause outer layers of rocks to expand during the daytime heat and contract with cooler night. constant expanding and contracting of rocks causes the outer layer to weaken and cause large pieces to ‘peel’ off

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9
Q

give 3 examples of chemical weathering

A

carbonation, hydrolysis, oxidation

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10
Q

explain carbonation

A

rain contains carbon dioxide (CO2) in droplets of water. turns rain into weak acid called carbonic acid (H2CO3). when this water comes into contact with rocks that have calcium carbonate (CaCo3) causes chemical reaction causing rocks to weaken. rain changes calcium carbonate into soluble calcium bicarbonate (Ca (HCO3)2).

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11
Q

explain hydrolysis

A

it is sequences of chemical reactions that include water and minerals that are called silicates

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12
Q

what does weathering and erosion do?

A

it wears away the earths surface

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13
Q

what does deposition do?

A

it builds to earths surface with some of the material that is produced by erosion and weathering

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14
Q

list 5 things that cause weathering

A 
● Frost shattering.
 ● Exfoliation.
 ● Carbonation. 
 ● Oxidation.
 ● Biological weathering
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15
Q

name 3 contributors to erosion

A
  • wind erosion
  • river erosion
  • ice erosion
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16
Q

name 3 features made by deposition

A
  • sand dunes
  • beaches
  • scree slopes
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17
Q

when does river erosion occur>

A

it occurs where the rivers flow over the land

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18
Q

where do rivers flow faster?

A

on land that is steep

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19
Q

where do waterfalls and rapids occur?

A

they may occur at any part along a rivers course

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20
Q

what is a waterfall?

A

it is a sudden drops in the river’s gradient

21
Q

what are rapids?

A

rapids are a part of the rivers course where the water flows faster bu there isn’t a sudden drop in height

22
Q

what are gorges and canyons?

A

they are deep-sided valleys that were formed by downward river erosion

23
Q

how can you tell if it is a gorge?

A

they have a waterfall formation and are usually straighter than a canyon

24
Q

how is a meander formed?

A

it is formed by deposition and erosion

25
Q

explain how ox-bows are made

A

as the erosion happens, it pushes the bend of the meander more downstream. this narrows gap between meanders. overtime river will erode through meander neck and create a new channel. deposition will block off original meander leaving it as an ox-bow

26
Q

what are levees?

A

they are natural mounds on the side of riverbanks

27
Q

how are deltas formed?

A

they are formed at a place where rivers flow into seas.

28
Q

what is a headland?

A

it is a piece of land that sticks out into the sea

29
Q

what are bays?

A

they are areas that are curved in between headlands

30
Q

what is a cliff?

A

it is a steep rock wall that is formed by wave erosion

31
Q

what are caves?

A

waves hit weak points on the cliff, and this causes small caves to form around weak points

32
Q

what is an arch?

A

an arch forms when two caves meet

33
Q

what is a stack?

A

Waves erosion at the base of the arch and weathering that happens on top. weaken the arch and causes it to collapse forming a stack.

34
Q

what is a stack?

A

it is a column of rock that stands apart from the land

35
Q

what is a beach?

A

it is an area where the sand and stones are loose, this is the area between the low tide and high tide water lines

36
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

if material is pushed up the beach at an angle it will roll down the beach at a different angle.

37
Q

what are spits?

A

they are small ridges of sand that stick out into the sea by the mouths of rivers.

38
Q

how are spits formed?

A

they are formed by the action of waves and longshore drift.

39
Q

how are bars formed?

A

bars are formed when a spit grows across and joins two headlands.

40
Q

what is the area behind the bar called?

A

it is called a lagoon

41
Q

what was the ice age?

A

it was around 18 000 yrs ago when 30% of earths surface was covered in ice

42
Q

explain features of erosion in glaciated landscapes

A

The glaciers erode the land, as they melt away they deposit all the material that they carried in the ice to make depositional features. The main kind of erosion is caused by abrasion, this is the wearing away, caused by friction, of land features

43
Q

what are cirques?

A

they are bowl-shaped hollows in glaciated mountain areas

44
Q

what is an arête?

A

it is a ridge on the side of a mountain that has been eroded by multiple glaciers on both sides

45
Q

how are u-shaped valleys formed?

A

Glaciers that erode the cirques and arêtes join to form a larger glacier in lower areas. this valley glacier much bigger and causes more erosion. As the valley glacier moves down the valley. It cuts off the spurs that extend into the valley. The glacier removes dirt and widens valley floor to become a U Shape.

46
Q

name two features of land and explain each

A
  • Eskers: they are ridges of sand and stone that were formed by rivers that flowed under glaciers
  • Drumlins: they are hills that are rounded and about 50 meters high and 500 meters long
47
Q

where is wind erosion and deposition most obvious?

A

in places where there is little vegetation such as deserts or semi-deserts

48
Q

what is abrasion?

A

it is when loose sand and soil is blown by the wind and knocks against other objects and causes erosion

49
Q

name the 4 most common causes of soil erosion

A

agriculture, industry, construction and deforestation

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