Geography PAPER1 natural hazards Flashcards
What is the difference between atmospheric and geological hazards
Atmospherical hazards are created by weather for example wind tornadoes
Geological hazards are created by the movement of the earths tectonic plates. For example earthquakes
Explain what happens at a destructive plate margin
The oceanic and continental plates meet and they move towards each other, oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate, it’s sinks and forms magma then it can stick and cause friction which then pressure builds up and causes earthquakes and volcanoes
Explain what happens at the constructive plate margin
Two oceanic plates move apart from each other the new oceanic crust forms in the gap then magma inject itself cools and formed new crust, shallow side of volcanoes form, as the two plates tear apart friction happens and it can cause earth quakes
Explain what happens at the Conservative plate margin
As plates slide past each other friction between them causes earthquakes no volcanoes can be found here
Give an economic reason to why people still live in areas at risk of tectonic hazards
Tourism that provides jobs/staff
Give an environmental reason for why people still live in areas at risk of tectonic hazards
Fertile soils, earthquake proof buildings are built
Give a social reason to why people still live in areas at risk of tectonic hazards
Attachment to the area that they live in, there is more cheap and clean electricity for people
What is an immediate response to an earthquake
Aid being provided, the Red Cross, distribution of medical supplies
Name a long-term response of an earthquake
Home is being repaired, strict buildings, locals are trained how to maintain crop watering
What are the primary effects of an earthquake
Deaths on injury, homelessness, damage and destruction
Name a secondary effects of earthquakes
Landslides, avalanches, floods, could be tsunamis
What are earthquake planning strategies and how do they work
Survival kit and nonperishable food, water, blankets first aid, evacuation procedures, and practising earthquake drills
What are earthquake monitoring strategies and how do they work
Seismometers which records vibrations from the ground to help us detect earthquakes, this gives people warning
What are earthquake protection strategies and how do they work
Crossbracing which provides flexibility so buildings don’t collapse, existing buildings to be strengthened, automatic shut off switches to turn off gas and electricity supplies to prevent fires
How can planning reduce the effect of a tropical storm
Practising evacuation drills with friends and family, ensuring vehicles have enough fuel for evacuation, disaster supply ckits
How can prediction reduce the affects of a tropical storm
Aircraft and satellites can’t observe where tropical storm is forming, computer programs can predict the path of a storm and where is going to lead to
How can protection reduce the effect of a tropical storm
Storm drains are built in urban areas which takeaway excess amount of rainfall, homes are built on stilts, shutters ordered two windows
How can a tropical storm form
The Sun warms the oceans to 26° plus which causes evaporation, the moist air rises then it cools and condenses creating large clouds these large clouds bring intense rainfall and then our rushes back down into the centre of the storm and start spinning upwards creating an eye
What is a tropical storm
A huge storm that develops in the tropics when there is low air pressure for example a hurricane
What are the effects and impacts of the Somerset flood
House is flooded, agriculture was underwater/destroyed, residents were evacuated, power cut, high costs, contaminated flood water
What are causes of flooding in the UK
Long periods of rainfall, high tides and storm surges,
What management strategies were put in place to reduce the risk of flooding
Flood action plans that costed a lot of money to reduce the future floods, road levels were raised which protects communities, flood defences were to protect buildings
Explain the global atmospheric circulation
Air from the equator rises towards the poles it cools then sinks 30° north and south, sinking air then creates high air pressure and then the air moves back to the equator at surface winds/Tradewinds
How can monitoring strategies reduce the risk of a volcano
Scientists can monitor the signs that come before and eruption such as tiny earthquakes, escaping gas and changes in the shape of a volcano
How can prediction strategies reduce the risk of a volcano
By monitoring the movement of tectonic plates and predicting when a volcano is at risk of eruption
How can protection strategies reduce the risk of a volcano
Buildings are strengthened so they don’t collapse, trenches and barriers have been used to try to divert lava away from settlements
Haw can planning strategies reduce the risk of a volcano
Emergency services come prepared by practising rescuing people from collapse buildings, educate people on what to do in the event of a hazard, emergency supplies like blankets clean water and food can be stocked
What are the features of tropical storm
The eye of the storm which have calm conditions but high pressure, hurricanes can be 100s of kilometres wide, They rotate because the planet is spinning on an axis
What directions do the storms travel in
All tropical storms travel east to west because of the way that the earth spins
How would climate change affect the distribution of a tropical storm
Increasing sea temperatures may affect places that haven’t experienced tropical storms before and this could be caused by climate change in the future
How climate change affect the frequency of a tropical storm
Due to weakening atmospheric systems they will occur less but be stronger
How might climate change affect the intensity of a tropical storm
They are thought to become more intense because of the increasing number of category 4/5storms because they have increased since the 19 hundreds
Where is somerset
Somerset is in the south west of england in the uk
What are causes for the somerset flood
Long periods of rain got lost for several weeks, high tide storm surges that swept water up rivers, Rivers had not been dredged for years and the clogged with sediment
What were the effects and impacts of the somerset flood
Houses flooded forms evacuated , residents had to leave their home, costs were very very expensive ,agriculture was underwater for 3 to 4 weeks, flood water was contaminated
What were management strategies to reduce flood risk in the future.
Flood action plan put in place to discuss future flooding, dredge to increase the capacity of the river channel, board levels were raised to maintain communities and help businesses continue during flood events, riverbanks were raised and strengthened
What is one piece of evidence for Climate Change
Rising sea levels As temperatures rise the ocean warms and expands cold thermal expansion
What are shrinking glaciers
Glaciers change because of climate change they shrink and melt because glaciers reach the biggest in the 1800s
What is a human cause of climate change
Enhanced greenhouse effect
What is causing carbon dioxide to rise into the atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, car exhausts
What causes to enhance greenhouse effect
Rice farming, form livestock and organic matter in landfill
How does nitrous oxide affect the atmosphere
Agriculture fertilisers, power stations producing electricity, sewage treatment
What is a mitigation strategy supposed to do
Reduce the causes of something and to stop the problem
What is a adaptation supposed to do
Respond to the problem I’m trying to limit the impact
What are alternative renewable energy sources that help reduce less carbon
Hydro electricity, nuclear power, solar wind and tidal energy
How does carbon capture and storage reduce carbon
CCS uses Technology to capture carbon dioxide compress it and transport it then inject it underground as a liquid then is been stored in old oil and gas fields deep under the ground
How does planting trees help reduce carbon
Trees act as carbon removers because they release oxygen on store carbon this is why you should not cut trees down because it releases carbon into the atmosphere
How does international agreements reduce carbon
International agreements have helped reduce carbon because countries have signed an agreement to promise that they would cut the carpet emissions which will reduce the chances in climate change
How do adapting farming methods cause less carbon
Using drought resistant crops in hot countries reduces loss of food supplies and crops being flooded and destroyed which is cheap and easy to make but reduces how many crops are produced
How does reducing risk from rising sea levels reduce carbon
Flood barriers along coastlines and rivers protect land from sea level rise homes are built on raised platforms and stilts to reduce flood risk this is affective but also expensive
