✅Biology PAPER1 organisation Flashcards
What are cells
Basic building blocks that make up organisms
What is a tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function
What is a epithelial tissue
The tissue that lines the inside and the outside of the stomach
What is an organ
We’re together to perform a certain function
What is an organ system
A group of organs that are working together to perform a function
What is the role of the small intestines
To digest food and absorb soluble food molecules
What is the role of the large intestine
To absorb water from undigested food
What two organ produces digestive juices
Pancreas
What is the role of the liver
Produces bile which breaks down fats
What is the role of the digestive system
To break down and absorb food
What is a catalyst
A substance that increases the speed of a reaction
What is an enzyme
Large proteins that speeds up reactions
What are chemical reactions
Things either being split apart or joining other
Describe what an enzyme looks like
Has an active sight, has a unique shape, the substrate has to fit into the active site for the enzyme to work
What can affect enzyme activity
Temperature, pH level, concentration of the enzymes substrate
What happens if the temperature gets too hot in the reaction involving an enzyme
Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break, this can change the shape of the enzymes active site so the substrate won’t fit in the enzyme will be denatured
Explain why an enzyme can denature if the PH is too high
Because it affects the bonds holding the enzyme together, and then it changes the shape of the active site and then denatures the enzyme
Where is amylase made
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Where does amylase work
Mouth and small intestine
Where are proteases made
In the stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Where does Protease work
Stomach, small intestine
Where are lipases made
Pancreas, small intestine
Where do you lipases work
Small intestine
What is starch broken down into
Sugars (bracket)
What are proteins broken down into
Amino acid
What are lipids broken down into
Glycerol and fatty acids
Describe and explain how bile helps the digestion of fats
Bile is alkaline it neutralises hydrochloric acid which is in the stomach it emulsifies fat into tiny droplets this gives a bigger surface area for the fat to work and makes digestion faster
How do you test for sugar
Preparing food sample and transfer it to a test tube, prepare a water bath, add Benedict solution to the test tube using a pipette place the test tube in the water using a test tube holder and leave it for five minutes, if the food sample contains sugar the solution in a test tube will change from the normal colour of blue to the colours green yellow or red
How do you test for starch
Make a food sample and transfer it to a test tube, add a few drops of iodine solution, gently shake the tube to mix the contents, if the sample contain starch the colour of the solution will change from brownie orange black or blue black
How to test for proteins
Preparing food sample and transfer it to a test tube, add a few drops of buying a solution to the sample, mix the contents of the tube And gently shake on it, if the food sample contains protein The solution will change from blue to purple
What is the order of where the air that you breathe goes through
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
How does alveoli carry out gas exchange
The alveoli is surrounded by blood capillaries the blood comes in through the capillaries and it contains carbon dioxide, oxygen defuses out of the air in the alveoli into the blood, CO2 defuses out of the blood into the air in the alveoli that the blood is through the body
Explain what happens in the first circuit of the circularity system
The heart pumps Deoxygenated blood into the lungs from the right ventricle
Explain what happens in the second circuit of the Circulatory system
The heart pumps oxygenated blood into the body from the left ventricle
Where does blood flow into the two atria from
Vena cava, pulmonary vein
What pumps blood out of the heart
The ventricles
What is the function of the left ventricle
It pumps oxygenated blood to the body
What is the function of the right ventricle
It pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs
What is the function of the left atrium
It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
What is the function of the right atrium
It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
What is the circulatory system made up of
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Describe capillaries
They are really tiny, they have gaps in the walls so substances can diffuse in and out, they supply food and oxygen and take away CO2
What do arteries do
Carry blood away from the heart
Describe arteries
They are strong and elastic, they pump blood out at a high pressure, they have thick layers of muscle
Describe veins
They have big lumen, they help blood flow despite lower pressure, they have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction
What does a pacemaker do
It tells the heart went to pump blood
When the heart is the pacemaker put
At the right atrium
What are the three types of blood vessel
Vein, artery, capillaries
What are advantages of stents
They are affective for long periods, recovery from surgery is quick, it allows blood flow to reach the heart
What are the disadvantages of stents
They can cause heart attacks, infection can happen after surgery, blood clots
What are the advantages of artificial hearts
They are made from metals and plastics which makes them less likely to be attacked by the immune system
What are disadvantages of artificial hearts
Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection, artificial heart don’t work as well as healthy natural heart, blood doesn’t flow through artificial hearts as smoothly as it does in natural Hearts
What is the job of a red blood cell
To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
What is haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the stuff that allows red blood cells to carry Curry
What is the job of white blood cells
White blood cells defend against infection, they produce antibodies and anti-toxins to defend against microorganisms
What do platelets do
They help blood to clot a wound, so it stops blood pouring out and it also stops any microorganisms getting into the body
What is the job of plasma
It carries is red and white blood cells, and platelets, food molecules such as glucose and amino acid, waste products like carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins
What causes coronary heart disease
When layers of fatty material built up in the coronary arteries which causes the arteries to become narrow which reduces blood flow to the heart and less oxygen getting to the heart
What is the advantage of a statin
Reduces the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
What is the disadvantages of a statin
They have to be taken regularly over a long period of time and a person could forget to take them, there are unwanted side-effects
What are communicable diseases
Diseases that can spread from one person to another person between animal or people
Give examples of communicable diseases
Measles, malaria
What can communicable diseases be caused by
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi
What is a noncommunicable disease
A disease that cannot spread between people or between animals and people
Give an example of a non-communicable disease
Coronary heart disease
What is A pathogen the same as
Microorganism
What helps fight off pathogens
The immune system
What lifestyle factors can affect the risk of developing cancer
Smoking, obesity, UV exposure
What genetic factors can affect the risk of developing cancer
Inherited genes from parent you might inherit a family gene that makes you more likely to get cancer
What’s the difference between benign and malignant tumours
Benign tumours stay in one place and aren’t dangerous and the tumour isn’t cancerous, malignant tumours spread to other parts of the body they are dangerous and are cancerous
What are tumours caused by
Uncontrolled growth and division of cells
What is the role of the xylem and phloem
They bring water and nutrients to the Leaf and Take away glucose produced by photosynthesis and they also support the leaf
What is the role of the stomata
Stomata lets gases diffuse in and out of the leaf this is controlled by Guard cells
What is the role of spongy Mesophyll
It contains airspaces which increase the rate of diffusion of gases
What is the palisade layer
Has a lot of chloroplasts and they are at the top of the leaves till they get more light
What is the upper epidermis
It lets light to the palisade layer
Where is the meristem tissue found in a plant
At the growing tips of shoots and roots
What do phloem tubes do
They transport food substances around the plant for immediate use or for storage
What is the process called where food substances are transported around the plant
Translocation
What is transpiration
The loss of water from a plant caused by evaporation and diffusion
Describe the structure of xylem
They have no end walls, the tubes are made up of dead cells, the cells are strengthened with material called lignin
How does transpiration happen
Water evaporates from the leaf and diffuses into the air, discreet shortage of water in the leaf, water is drawn up from the rest of the plan through xylem tubes this means that water is drawn up from the roots
What four things is transpiration rate affected by
Airflow the more windier it is the faster transpiration happens, temperature the warmer it is the faster transpiration happens, Humidity if the air is more humid this means that diffusion will not happen very fast which means transpiration will happen faster, Light intensity the bright other like the great other transpiration rate because photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark
What do Guard cells do
They control gas exchange and water loss
