✅Biology PAPER1 infection and response Flashcards
What is a pathogen
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
What are the four main types of pathogen
Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
How can Pathogens be spread in the air
They can be carried in the air breathed in, they can be made when you cough or sneeze
How come Pathogens be spread through water
Pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water
How can pathogens be spread through direct contact
Some pathogens can be picked up by touching surfaces they are on for example the skin
What things can prevent disease being spread
Being hygienic for example wash your hands, destroying vectors which are organisms that spread the disease, isolating infected individuals so that you don’t spread it on anyone else, vaccination which can make someone less likely to get a communicable disease
What is a vector
Organisms that spread disease for example mosquitoes are the vectors for malaria
What does bacteria do to a person
Can make you feel ill by producing toxins and these toxins damage your cells and tissues
Name a type of bacteria
Salmonella
What is salmonella
Salmonella is a type of (bacteria)that causes food poisoning
What are two defence systems that prevent microorganisms infecting the human body
Skin, hydrochloric acid
What is gonorrhoea
A sexually transmitted disease (bacteria)
How is gonorrhoea passed on to another person
By sexual contact and having unprotected sex
What are symptoms of gonorrhoea
Pain when urinating or green discharge in the vagina or penis
What can treat gonorrhoea
Penicillin that is an antibiotic
What are symptoms of salmonella
Vomiting and diarrhoea
What diseases are caused by viruses
Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
What is measles
Measles is a (virus)
How is measles spread
Measles is spread through an infected persons sneezes or coughs
What symptom can you have if you have measles
Red skin rash, a high temperature, fever
What is HIV
HIV is a (virus)
How is HIV spread
Through sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids, for example taking drugs
What are symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms
What drug can you take for HIV
Antiretroviral drugs
What happens if HIV is not controlled
It will attack the immune cells
What is tobacco mosaic virus
A virus that affects plants for example tomatoes
What does tobacco mosaic virus do to a plant
It makes leaves become discoloured and gives a mosaic pattern, they will have less chlorophyll
What will happen if a plant is infected by tobacco mosaic virus and they have less chlorophyll to absorb light
Photosynthesis can’t happen in the leaves of the plant can’t make enough food to grow and will die
What is Rose black spot
A fungal disease caused by fungus
What will the fungus due to a Rose black spot plant
It causes purple or black spots on the leaves of the rose plants
What happens after fungus causes purple or black spot on the rules plants
Leaves contain yellow and drop off which causes less photosynthesis so the plant won’t grow
How is Rose black spot spread
Through water or by the wind
What is malaria
A disease caused by a protist
What is a protist
A eukaryotic organism
What is the vector for malaria
Mosquitoes
How do mosquitoes help spread malaria
They pick up the protist when they feed on an infected animal they pass the protist to another animal when they bite them that these animals get malaria
How can Rose black spot be treated so that it doesn’t spread to other plants
By treating the disease with fungicides which are chemicals that kill fungi
How can the spread of malaria be reduced
By stopping mosquitoes from breeding and by people using mosquito net so they don’t get bitten
How does the nose hair act as a defence to the body
They trap particles that could contain pathogens
How does the skin act as a defence to the body
It stops pathogen is getting inside you and releases substances that kill pathogens
How does mucus act as a defence system to the body
The trachea and bronchi release mucus to stop pathogens
How does cilia act as a defence to the body
The track it and bronchi allowed with Sylvia remove the mucus up to the back of the throat work can be swallowed
How does stomach acid act as a defence to the body
The stomach makes hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens in the stomach
How does your immune system destroy microorganisms
The white blood cells engulf the microorganisms
What is the process called when white blood cells and Gulf microorganisms
Phagocytosis
What are Antigens
Unique molecules -invading pathogens
What happens when white blood cells come across a foreign antigen
They will start to make antibodies
What do antibodies do to pathogens
The lock onto the invading pathogen and they destroy them by the other white blood cells too
What are antitoxins supposed to do
They stop toxins produced by the invading bacteria from working
What do vaccinations do
They involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens into the body
Why do vaccinations contain dead or inactive pathogens
So that when someone is vaccinated with this these pathogens will have antigen is which causes your white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack the pathogens and if you’re infected in the future with the same pathogen your white blood cells quickly produce lots of antibodies which kill the pathogen so you are less likely to get ill
What are pros of vaccinations
They help control lots of communicable diseases that are common in the UK
If there is a big break out in disease people who aren’t vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because there a fewer people to pass it onto
What are cons of vaccinations
Vaccines don’t always work and they don’t give you the immunity all the time, you might have a bad reaction to a vaccine for example swelling or a fever
What antibiotic kills bacteria
Penicillin
What are the chemicals used for that plant produced to defend themselves against pests and pathogens
They are used as drugs to treat human diseases or relieve symptoms
What is aspirin used for
It is used as a painkiller
Where is the chemical found that was made to make aspirin
Willow
What is digitalis used for
To treat heart conditions
Where is the chemical found that was made to make digitalis
Foxgloves
where is the chemical found that was made to make penicillin
Mould
What happens after a drug has been discovered
It needs to be developed through preclinical and clinical testing
What does pre-clinical testing involve
Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in a lab that the drug is tested unlike animals, They do this to find out if the drug works and it has the effect you’re looking for, how harmful it is and if it has any side-effects, the concentration of the drug that works best on how often it should be taken.
What does clinical testing involve
If the drug passes the test on animals then it’s tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial, first the drug is tested on a healthy person to make sure it doesn’t have harmful side-effects and a low dosage of the drug is given then get increased and if these results are good the drugs can be tested on patients
What does it mean by efficacy of a drug
Whether the drug works and it has the effects you’re looking for
What does it mean by the toxicity of a drug
How harmful it is and whether it has side-effects
What is it meant by the dosage of a drug
The concentration of the drug that works best on how often it should be taken
Why do clinical trials of a new drug begin with healthy volunteers
This is to make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side-effects when the body is working normally
