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Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains > Geography New Extras > Flashcards

Geography New Extras Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of study of seismic waves

A
  1. Understanding the internal structure of earth
    ( draw a dig and mention core, continental vs ocean crust, asethosphere , doscontinuities )
  2. Earthquake hazard mapping and engineering EQ resistant structures
  3. Exploration of oil gas and minerals- reflection and refraction recorded to understand sub surface
  4. To identify geothermal potential - analysing petrophysical parameters of geothermal reservoir
  5. Understanding effects of climate change and associated cryosphere dynamics
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2
Q

Reasons for the Joshimath cirisis

A

Natural
1. Ancient landslides, loose soil is the substratum
2. Sesmic zone ( zone V)
3. Alaknanda river and its undercutting - floods and erosion

Anthropogenic
1. Unplanned, unsust devp - hotels , buildings
2. Heavy construction activity - Chardham project
3. Changing of natural drainage - tapovan- vishnugad HEP
4. Estimated that tunnel Boring has led to puncturing and dewatering of aquifer

Governance failure
1. Disregarded the Mishra commitee 1976 report

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3
Q

Wf for joshimath / land subsidence

A
  1. Comprehensive survey and hazard mapping
  2. Nature based solution - afforestation

*** vetiver system - long roots - prevents soil erosion

  1. Traditional knowledge - Kedarnath shrine able to withstand several disasters
  2. Eco tourism
  3. Capacity building , awareness generation and community participation.

Mishra commitee
1. No removal of boulders by digging or blasting hillside
2. Pucca drainage system
3. Restriction on heavy construction

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4
Q

Role of atmospheric factors in determining intensity and distribution of monsoons

A
  1. Jet streams
    - southern tropical jet stream
    - tropical easterly jet stream
  2. Low pressure
  3. Itcz- low pressure trough - convergence of trade winds
  4. Localised wind system - land and sea breeze
  5. Aerosols - modify cloud formation and precipitation process
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5
Q

Role of oceanic factors in determining monsoon

A
  1. Sea surface
  2. strong counter equatorial current - El Niño
  3. Iod
  4. Madden Julian oscillation- active and break phases of monsoon
  5. Warm Oceanic current - Somalian current, west India coastal currents
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6
Q

Introduction to water scarcity

A

India has 18% of population but only 4% of USABLE water resources and additionally 2/3rd of water resources is confined to 1/3rd of land area

As Karen piper wrote in THE PRICE OF THIRST- people can live in poverty but not without water

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7
Q

Reasons for ground water depletion of india

A

UNESCO - largest - 25%

  1. Unsustainable agriculture.
    Ex: Punjab - water guzzling crops + power subsidy+ tube well revolution
  2. Increasing population
    Ex: chennnai - day zero - population, salt water intrusion, lack of harvesting structures
  3. Unsustainable land use practices
    Ex : landfills
  4. Destruction of wetlands and mangroves
  5. Non conventional energy resources -
    Ex: shale gas, cbm
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8
Q

Issues with river interlinking project

A

Environmental
1. Deforestation- Ken betwa - panna tiger reserves
2. Land submergence
3. Affect migration pattern of fishes
4. Climate is changing - 1/3rd of Himalayas

Social
1. Large scale displacement of people
2. Concern of endangering water security of some areas

Economic
1. Huge budget

Legal
1. Ngt pending

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9
Q

How can floods be converted into source of irrigation and all weather navigation

A
  1. River interlinking projects
    Ex: Telegu Ganga project - flood water of Krishna to TN
  2. System of dams and lock
    Ex: three gorges dam on china’ Yangtze River
  3. Water harvesting system ( draw dig )
  4. Inundation canals, wiers, small irrigation structures
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10
Q

Why urban flood

A
  1. Unplanned development-
    - encroachment and concretisation of riparian areas
    - poor flood control structures
  2. Loss of water bodies . Ex: Bangalore has lost 65 lakes since 1965
  3. Change of urban microclimate - pollutant particles- more nuclie for rain producing clouds - intense shower
  4. Waste management- solid waste disposal
  5. Outdated infrastructure- Hyderabad century old sewers even after city grew four times
  6. No capacity building , disaster risk reduction
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11
Q

Way to control urban flood

A
  1. Reduce impervious - creating sponge cities - bioswales, green roofs, rain harvesting
  2. Effective vulnerability assessment and early warning system
    Ex: IFLOWS of Mumbai
  3. Natural boundaries ( watershed ) instead of governance boundaries to be considered while infra planning
  4. NDMA guidelines - trash racks, green roofs , urban flood to be dealt separate from riverine flooding
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12
Q

Humanizing affecting monsoons

A
  1. Irrigation
    Research - excessive irrigation in northern India reduced temperature and pressure gradient between land and water bodies- reduced rainfall in northern India
  2. Pollutants in urban - nuclei for cloud condensation- increased rainfall
  3. Urban microclimate changed due to concretisation- more evaporation- more rainfall
  4. Lesser water percolation- overall water cycle
  5. Global warming - rise in sea level
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13
Q

Define rare earth elements

A

Rare Earths are a group of 15 elements in the periodic table known as the Lanthanide series

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14
Q

Major distribution of REE - reserves

A
  1. ChinA
  2. Vietnam , Brazil
  3. Russia
  4. Australia
  5. India
  6. USA

Production - China, USA, Australia

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15
Q

Application of rare earth elements

A
  1. Renewable energy : neodymium in wind turbines
  2. Electronics - computer hard drives, TV screens - terbium , europium
  3. Catalytic converter of cars - cerium
  4. Camera and telescope lenses use lanthanum
  5. Missile guidance, jet fighter engines etc
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16
Q

Problem with India’s REE

A
  1. Reserves Significantly lean wrt grade
  2. Tied to radioactivity- long, complex, expensive extractions
  3. Reserves contain light REE, Heavy REE not available in extractable amount
  4. Chotanagpur area - direct confrontation with conservation , tribal rehabilitation
  5. Predominantly psu
  6. Water and soil pollution of surrounding areas. Ex: Kopili river north east india
17
Q

Rivers around the world drying up why

A
  1. Climate change - changed precipitation pattern
    Ex: lake poopo of Bolivia
  2. Overextraction of water
    Ex: lake chad 90% since 1960 because of agri and rising population
  3. Damming
    Ex: lake Urumia
  4. Deforestation- hampering water cycle
  5. Sand mining - bharathapuzha
18
Q

Location of iron and steel plants

A
  1. Weight losing - so near raw materia
    - near coal - Bokaro ( Kolkata, Jharia, gorumarisani), Durgapur ( Kolkata, raniganj, noamandi)
    - near iron-ore - Jamshedpur
  2. Port based location
    Ex Vizag - Japan, biladila , auz coal
  3. Small iron and steel plants- near market
    - scrap metal , small industries around, electric smelter
    Ex: Bhushan steel plant in Ghaziabad
  4. Industrial inertia
    Ex: Ruhr in Germany
  5. Development policies
    Ex: bhilai , Rourkela
19
Q

Framework point for location based questions

A
  1. Raw material / market
  2. Water
  3. Power
  4. Connectivity , transport , ports
  5. Climate
  6. Labor
  7. Govt policies
  8. Capital availability
20
Q

Why increasing cyclones in Arabian Sea

A

IISER Bhopal 2021 study

  1. Global warming - driving up evaporation
  2. Ample energy- warm to a great depth -
    Ex: cyclone taukte developed in severe by 1-2 days , warm water to a depth of 60 m
  3. Wreaking monsoon winds, reducing wind shear
  4. Strengthening winds of BOB -
    Ex: higher easterly wind drove the depression of cyclone Ockhi from BOB to Arabian Sea
  5. Occurrence of El Niño modoki
21
Q

Worlds lithium reserves

A
22
Q

Recent lithium finds of india

A
  1. Rajasthan Degana area
  2. Salai haimana area of Jammu
  3. Mandya ( allapatna) of Karnataka
23
Q

Uses of lithium

A
  1. Electronic devices- lithium storage batteries used in laptops, cameras, mobiles etc
  2. Lithium magnesium alloy- armour platings, manufacturing parts of airplane
  3. Ceramics and glass- lithium oxide considerably reduces the melting point of silica
  4. Thermonuclear weapons use lithium hydrides as source of tritium
  5. Coolant in nuclear process
  6. Treatment of bipolar disorders

Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains (5 decks)

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