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Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains > Env Geography > Flashcards

Env Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps taken at global level to reduce marine debris

A
  1. Ocean cleanup project - great Pacific garbage patch
  2. Honolulu strategy - global framework for reducing ecological, health, economic impact of marine debris
  3. Uns closing the loop project
  4. Marpol
  5. London convention- control marine pollution by preventing dumping waste
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2
Q

Causes of marine pollution

A
  1. Urban industrial waste
  2. Plastic and micro beads
  3. Oil spill. Ennore
  4. Ballast water
  5. Crusise Ships raw sewage
  6. Deep sea mining
  7. Dumping of fish gear
  8. Radioactive waste from nuclear plants, submarines etc
  9. Ocean acidification- undp - 8 to 7.8 by 2100 at the current level of co2 emission
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3
Q

Measures to protect estauries Or wetalands

A
  1. Reclaim - plaudiculture
  2. Afforestation and reforestation- mangrove nursuries, mangrove saplings
  3. Bio security check - charu mussels invasive species in estuaries of Kerala
  4. Proper fencing off residential area
  5. Community participation - RAMVEER TANWAR resurrected 20 wetlands around noida through community support
  6. Biodiversity atlas for all estuaries
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4
Q

Is climate change a reality

A
  1. NASA- 2022 5th warmest year on record ( despite La Niña )
  2. Amzon fire, bush fire of australia
  3. Bramble cay melomys ( first mammal to be extinct bcoz of cc)
  4. Sea level rise- 200 mm last century
  5. Ocean acidification- Inc by 30% since ir
  6. Hindukush himalayan assessment - one third by 2100
  7. 2016- GBR of auz lost 50 % of corals to bleaching
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5
Q

Threats to coral reefs

A
  1. Climate change
    - Ocean acidification- leading to dissolution of caco3
    - sea level rise- preventing their photosynthesis
    - intensification of tropical storms
  2. blast fishing, cynaide fishing,
  3. Eutrophucation and algal blooms- photosynthesis of zooxanthale

Wilkinsons report 1998- Red Sea coral bleaching was due to disproportionate algae growth

  1. sunscreen - stimulate dormant viral infection in zooxanthale
  2. Coral diseases- ex: yellow band infection - due to infectious microorganism introduced by human
  3. ship accidents, oil spill
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6
Q

Uses of coral

A
  1. Natural habitat- 0.5% of earths surface but 25% of all marine species
  2. Natural calamity- protection from coastal erosion against storm surges
  3. Medical reconstruction surgery- in place for bones for bone tumour
  4. Potential discoveries- Arac - C Caribbean reef
  5. Commercially important fishes - ex: grouper and snapper
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7
Q

Restore coral

A
  1. INDC
  2. 3d printed reefs - maldives
  3. Biological restoration- collecting and rehabilitation of naturally broken, propogating coral colonies, transplanting live coral colonies
  4. Palau - sunscreen
  5. Crz
  6. G20 coral reef accelerator programme
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8
Q

Define coral bleaching

A

Stress of temperature, light, nutrients- coral expel zooxanthale

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9
Q

Causes of urban heat island

A
  1. Asphalt and concrete absorbs huge amount of heat
  2. Dark surface
  3. Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners add warmth to the air
  4. Urban architecture - narrow streets, reduced air circulation, reduce natural cooling. Urban canyon effect
  5. Lack of trees
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10
Q

Solution of urban heat island

A
  1. Light colored concrete and white roofs
  2. Green roofs
  3. Urban forestry- miyawaki
  4. Bee energy efficiency code, griha

Telegana govt - cool roof tech- mandatory for government and commercial buildings, mandatory for occupancy certificate

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11
Q

Define carbon pricing

A

An instrument thag captures the external cost of GHG and ties them to their sources through a price

Polluter pay principle

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12
Q

Carbon tax benifit to India

A

A ct of 35 dollars per tonne is estimated to be capable of generating some 2% of gdp through 2030

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13
Q

Benifits of carbon trading

A
  1. Incentives innovation
  2. Already successful in many countries. Ex : USA acid rain program
  3. Flexible - will fall during recession as industrial output falls
  4. Better method for companies not able to meet the cap rather than paying fine
  5. leads to better monitoring, reporting and verification
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14
Q

Isssues of carbon trading

A
  1. Double counting
  2. Only when carbon emissions strictly banned will it have value
  3. pay and pollute
  4. Political interference
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15
Q

Importance of urban wetland

A
  1. Groundwater recharge
  2. shoreline protection- buffer impact of floods and storm surges
  3. Productive ecosystem- fish harvest, employment
  4. Pollution control- wetlands microbes, plants and wildlife are part of global cycles of water, nitrogen and sulphur
  5. Carbon sequestration
  6. Economic benifit- if lost– costly waste water treatment
  7. Spaces for recreation and education

Overall urban wetlands make cities vibrant and liveable

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16
Q

How agri contributes to ghg

A
  1. Forest to agri
  2. Rice – methane emissiin
  3. Enteric fermentation- cattle belching
  4. Fertilizer
  5. Stubble burning
17
Q

Climate induced migration data

A

Wb report - cc could push 200 mn people to leave their homes by 2050 and create migration hotspost

18
Q

One best practice for wetland

A

Delhi master plan - GREEN BLUE POLICY

19
Q

Conservation of wetland steps

A
  1. Wetalnds conservation and mgmt rules 2017- prohibits conversion, setup wetalnds conservation authority
  2. National plan for conservation of aquatic ecosystem
  3. center for wetland conservation and mgmt - research
  4. Ramsar and Montreux
  5. Blue carbon initiative- iucn + unesco
  6. Mangrove for future- iucn+ undp
20
Q

Economic benefits of estuaries

A
  1. Aquaculture - ashtamudi pearl spot
  2. Waterways
  3. Ecotourism - vembanad
  4. Paddy cultivation- kuttanad
21
Q

Ecological benefit of estuaries

A
  1. O to 35 ppm - spawning and nursery territory of wide variety- eels, rays, oyster
  2. Filtration
  3. Bengal tiger
  4. Blue carbon
  5. Ecological stability- dense root of mangroves binds and builds soil, prevent coastal erosion
  6. Storm surge impact
22
Q

Why should we look for carbon neutral and climate resilient cities

A

Sdg 11

  1. 2050-2/3rd
  2. Increasing temp - birds falling dead in Mumbai - heat stroke and dizziness
  3. Urban heat island
  4. Interconnected- one flash flood all critical infrastructure
  5. Inc climate disasters - amplified effect due to high density population and infrastructure

Wb report - 1$ in resilient infra 4$ in return

23
Q

Steps taken to boost e vehicle

A
  1. Min of heavy industry - fame scheme
    2..min of power - policy on charging infra - will be a service not a sale of electricity
  2. Niti ayog - model concessional agreement for introducing electric bus fleet for public transportation on PPP mode
  3. Min of Road transport - registeration number for battery operated vehicles to be in yellow and white colored on a plate with green background
  4. Isro commercialized their lithium ion battery tech

Wf
1. Battery swapping facility along with charging facility
2. Interoperability - plug 🔌 type, charger to network communication, network to network

24
Q

Specific issues to write under mangroves

A
  1. Reclaimation for building cities -
    Ex: Munroe Thuruth - famous islands of mangrove in Kerala now ‘ sinking island ‘ due to construction activities
  2. Intensive shrimp farming - altering natural ecosystem
  3. Intensive tourism - garbage, sewage ,
  4. Agriculture - rice, palm oil, rubber trees
  5. Chopping mangroves fro charcoal and timber - important cottage Industry for coastal community
  6. Cyclones - over 1/4th of Sunderbans damaged in cyclone amphan
25
Q

Causes of coral bleaching

A
  1. Clive wilkinsons report - GW
  2. Sedimentation- blocking of pores
  3. Sudden tectonic activities - exposing coral to atm
  4. Salinity changes
  5. Diseases - pollution and harmful chemicals - Yellow Sea band
26
Q

Measures needed to address melting glaciers

A
  1. Address climate change - carbon neutral by 2050
    — reduce green house, renewable, electric vehicle
  2. Mechanical solutions- long dam in front of glacier - Greenland
  3. Combining artificial iceberg - collection, desalination , re freezing
  4. Govt policies- Hindu Kush Himalayan summit, antartic treaty
27
Q

What is badland topography? How

A

Characterised by rugged terrain, deep canyons and dry/ barren soil- wind or water erosion

Reasons
1. Deforestation
2. Overtlling
3. Overgrazing
4. Logging and mining
5. Construction activities

28
Q

Measures to tackle badland topography

A
  1. Keyline design
  2. Shelter belts
  3. Agrsostatial - planting grass in heavily degraded
  4. No till farming
  5. Dry farming
  6. Salinity management using gypsum
  7. green manure
  8. Dams and bunds
  9. Landscaping using native plants
29
Q

What are the impacts of sea level rise

A
  1. Climate refugees - 44% of population within 150 km of coast
  2. Increased height of storm surges and flooding
  3. Species extinction - bramble cray melomy
  4. Cities destruction - ipcc report - 12 coastal cities including kandla, Cochin, mangalore under water by 2050
  5. Economic - tourism and fishing industry
  6. Global trade at halt - damage of port infrastructure
  7. Global food supply - reduced yield due to salt water intrusion
30
Q

Effects of marine pollution

A
  1. Eutrophication and hypoxia
  2. Great pacific garbage patch
  3. Corals - wilkinsons report 1998
  4. Marine organism choking in plastic- fish, sea birds, sea turtle
  5. Bioaccumulation- minanmata
  6. Aesthetic - Ennore oil spill marina and Besant Nagar beach
31
Q

Define corals

A

Accumulation of lime secreting organism called coral polyps which exist in a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae

32
Q

Trace the evolution of loss and damage

A
33
Q

India at cop 27

A
34
Q

What is the issue with methane

A

Colourless, odourless and a potent greenhou gas

  1. Responsible for 25% of current GW. 80 times more harmful than co2 , though shorter life span
  2. Energy , agriculture, waste landfills
35
Q

Way forward for protecting mangroves

A
  1. Developing mangrove nurseries, scientific propagation of mangrove sapling etc
  2. Fish bone technique of irrigation- artificially inundating areas that don’t get regular tidal inundation
  3. Schemes like MISHTI - community participation
  4. Intl collaboration - mangrove alliance for climate
36
Q

How climate change is affecting mangroves

A
  1. Rising sea level - affecting respiratory adaptations of pneumatophores, stilt roots etc
  2. Cyclones - Amphan, > 25% of Sunderbans
  3. Changing precipitation- saline imbalance
  4. Coral reefs - mangrove loosing their stable strata in Andaman, Lakshadweep
  5. Increased temp and drought - wreaking mangroves stress resilience

Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains (5 decks)

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