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Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains > Env New > Flashcards

Env New Flashcards

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1
Q

Should india go for net zero

A

Cop 26-2070

NO

International aspect

  1. Climate justice - CBdr, net zero was not part of pa- first deliver , climate finance
  2. Double stand - though 60 countries only 6 countries legally binding
  3. Carbon colonialism - buying large swathes on countries like Africa to sell carbon credits.
    Coal vs NG

NATIONAL ASPECT
4. Jharkand orissa - 0.5 million people coal sector
6. 10 trillion dollars
7. Raw material dependent on renewable energy
8. Agri- animal rearing

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2
Q

Impact of CC on agri and food security

A

Negative

  1. Iari cc will severly affect rabi crops 1 deg rise - 4 mn tonnes of wheat
  2. Locust attack- due to change in cyclonic pattern over Arabian sea
  3. Weeds, pest, fungi thrive - insecticide treadmill - biomagnification
  4. Animal husbandry- pasture, vulnerability to disease, reduced fertility, reduce milk
  5. International rice research institute- rice blast disease
  6. Reduction in pollinators -
  7. Nutritional security - increased co2 leads to iron and zinc deficiency within rice ( published in science advances journal)

Put a box and write about 2 agriculture in india as said by ES 2018 . 15-18% reduction in annual avg agri income in irrigated area, 20-25% in unirrigated area

Positive
1. Short term benifit from carbon fertilization for bean and gram

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3
Q

Impact of CC in india

A

On environment
1. Rising temperature Uni of Chicago - avg summer temp in india - 4 deg rise by 2100
2. Unpredictable rain - 2018 Kerala floods
3. Deadly cyclones- Ockhi, amphan
4. Glofs

Agriculture
1. Wheat loss - heat wave
2. Locust attack

Human
1. Rising sea level - climate migrants ( 7500 km coastline )
2. Human health - malaria, heat wave stroke
3. Water crisis

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4
Q

Health issues bcoz of cc

A
  1. Safe water – diarrhea, trachoma
  2. Floods - leptospiriosis
  3. Enhances transmission and geographical distance of vector borne disease — malaria ( anopheles)
  4. Heat wave, cold wave - cardiovascular diseases
  5. extreme events - life injury, post traumatic stress
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5
Q

National action plan on cc missions

A

Solar
Enhanced energy efficiency
Sustainable habitat
Water
Strategic knowledge on cc
Sustainable agriculture
Green india
Sustaining himalayan ecosystem

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6
Q

Reasons for air pollution in india

A
  1. Natural
    - continentality- stagnant air
    - dust storms (loo)
    - forest fires
  2. Anthropogenic
    - Stubble burning to get rid of paddy stubble quickly bcoz less time available to sow rabi- govt policy
    - Mining operations
    - Vehicular pollution- cpcb and neeri declared vp major reason for ap in delhi
    - indian customs-
  3. ADMINISTRATIVE
    - Poor regulation- often just imposing ban, not hand holding and persuading industry- most of them small factories
    - Pollution control boards- study of center for policy research
    A. Skewed representation - ex: large proportion of members are potential polluters like indutries, public sector corporations etc
    b. Lack of scientists, academics
    C. No long term tenure for chairman- no long term policy planning
    d. Critically understaffed
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7
Q

Effects of air pollution

A
  1. ECONOMIC - DALY, productivity decrease
  2. Health - state of global air 2020
  3. Animals forced to move, cardio vascular
  4. Acid rain- react with airborne particles - fish, damage to crops, taj
  5. On education- ex: severe air pollution in delhi has led to closure of primary schools
  6. Env - cc, gw
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8
Q

Wf for air pollution

A
  1. Revise NAAQS to include not only local conditions but also impact of exposure on vulnerable groups
  2. Isolated nature of policy making and lack of understanding of health among policymakers- more health sector representatives
  3. Air shed approach ( world bank report )
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9
Q

Indoor air pollution causes

A
  1. Airtight space, less ventilation
  2. Tobacco smoke
  3. Biological pollutants- pet hair, pollen
  4. Radon - naturally emitted from ground
  5. carbon monoxide- indoor cooking
  6. Formaldehyde- carpets, insulation foam
  7. Asbestos
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10
Q

Effects of indoor air pollution

A
  1. Children more affected - metabolic rate so more oxygen, constricted airway, asthma, dev of endocrine glands
    2 women - indian cooking long hours in oil, still birth, cancer of lung
  2. Formaldehyde - carcinogen
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11
Q

Effects of water pollution

A
  1. Health
    - cholera, typhoid, minamata, Itai- itai
    - bioaccumulation and biomagnification - endocrine
  2. Biodiversity
    - algal blooms due to eutrophication
    - invasive species like zebra mussels spread while native species dies off
    - calcium metabolism in birds
    - avian botulism - sambhar lake
  3. Economic productivity
    - industries - semiconductor
    - eco tourism
  4. Social
    - disproportionate burden on women
  5. Water disputes
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12
Q

6 key verticals of Arth Ganga

A
  1. Chemical free farming - ZBNF
  2. Monetisation ( ex: manure, bricks ) and reuse of treated waste water
  3. Sale of local products of ganga cities along river bank
  4. Public participation - ganga Aarti, yoga on ghat
  5. Cultural heritage and tourism
  6. Institution building - district ganga committees
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13
Q

Tacking water pollution

A
  1. Ivofm IISER Pune
  2. Floating wetland
  3. Sewers- monitoring and maintanence
  4. Comprehensive waste management plan by ulb
  5. Law
  6. Behavioural change - pani bachao paisa kamao of Punjab
  7. Community participation - pani samiti
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14
Q

Effects of plastic pollution

A
  1. Environment
    - more than 500 years to decompose
    - landfill creation - leaching harmful chemicals to soil
    - marine biodiversity- micobeads in digestive tracts of fish
  2. Health
    - Toxic chemicals - carcinogenic chemicals of BPA
    - toxic emissions from plastic burning
    - recent studies-micro beads turn fish into toxic food — bioaccumulation and biomagnification
  3. Solid waste
    - plastic litter blocking drainages
    - unsustainable tourism
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15
Q

Plastic waste management rules 2022

A
  1. Reuse of rigid plastic packaging mandated
  2. Extend producer responsibility certificates - sale and purchase
  3. Centralised online portal
  4. Environmental compensation based on polluters pay principle
  5. Commitee comstitued by cpcb- recommend measures for effective implementation of EPR
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16
Q

Barriers to circular economy

A

1.Business
- higher operational cost
- difficult for small business to implement
- disruption of established supply chain
- lack of cheaper alternative

  1. Government
    - implementation ?
    - petrochemical industries lobbying
  2. Customer
    - price rise
    - convenience
    - fast fashion
    - lack of monetary incentive to return
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17
Q

E- waste rules 2022

A
  1. E-waste widened to include solar photovoltaic modules
  2. Annual e- waste recycling targets to producer- 80% by 2025
  3. Central registration portal for manufacturers, recyclcers, refurbishes to register
  4. EPR certificates to fulfill targets
  5. Producers can buy refurbishing certificate to defer their liabilities
  6. Penal provisions
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18
Q

Challenges in tackling e-waste

A

1.Generation
- wider use, mindless consumption
- no uniform standards- ex: mobile charger
- lack of awareness

  1. Disposal
    - pollution of air, water, soil - lead , mercury, cadmium
    - health risks - negative birth outcome, lung damage, cancer
  2. Recycling
    - 95% informal sector
    - women and children
    - unscientific methods of handling and disposing
    - no large scale recycling
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19
Q

Natural threats to wildlife in india

A
  1. Forest fire - ultapani forest assam, butterfly species
  2. Flood- kaziranga
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20
Q

Anthropogenic threats to wildlife/bio

A
  1. Habitat loses - destruction and fragmentation. Carrying capacity
  2. Hunting, poaching- pangolins
  3. human animal conflict-
  4. Climate change - 60% of current suitable habitats of nilgiri tahr unsuitable
  5. Road kills
  6. Invasive species - catfish in Cauvery river
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21
Q

Legal and institutional challenges of biodiversity conservation

A
  1. Disproportionate funding- IDWH- tiger and elephant only
  2. Lack of human resource- no adequate forest guards
  3. Poor conviction rate
  4. legal loopholes - self defence in wpa exploited
  5. Ken betwa – panna
  6. NBWL clearance to 98% of projects that came for scrutiny since 2014
  7. Certain endangered like humpback mahsheer not included in wpa
22
Q

Way forward for wildlife

A
  1. Crowd funding- David Attenborough- mountain gorilla
  2. Maldhari tribes - lion in gir
  3. Indigenous knowledge- aka tribes of arunachal helped in conservation of great pied hornbill
  4. Dedicated wlpa on lines of NTCA
  5. NGO - vidyal ngo
23
Q

Reducing human animal conflict

A

Elephants are restricted to just 3 to 4% of their habitat

  1. Sonitpur model - trained + low cost electric fence wwf
  2. Peaceful coexistence- brt karnataka tiger and soligas
  3. pm fasal bima yojana
  4. Project RE HAB by KVIC - bee box
  5. elevated green corridors
  6. odisha govt - seed balls inside reserve forest, increase fodder for elephants🐘🐘
24
Q

Reasons of human animal conflict

A
  1. Urbanisation and development
    - fragmented habitats
    - deforestation and loss of habitat
  2. Lack of protected areas
    - study by WWF and unep — 35% of India’s tiger range are outside protected area
  3. Population explosion
    - coexistence beyond earths carrying capacity
    - agricultural expansion
  4. Hunting of prey- reduced prey base
  5. Increase in eco tourism
  6. Substantial increase in population of prolific breeders like wild boars
25
Q

Significance of biodiversity

A
  1. Ecological importance - photosynthesis , pollination, diversification of food web , scavengers ( hyenas and greater adjuvants )
  2. Key stone species
  3. Economic
    Out of 1400 crop plants grown around the world ( food and plant based industrial products ) - almost 80% require pollination by animals
  4. Biological diversity- cattle egret and black drongo disappears - cows will die of disease
  5. Gene bank - infection of Malaysia’s rubber plantation cured by studying its wild relative in Brazil
  6. Tourism and recreation
  7. Cultural importance- pachathnthra, paintings of mammalapuram
26
Q

Coastal sand mining consequences and wf

A

As per UNEP report sand is the most exploited natural resource in the world after water

Consequences
1. Coastal erosion - shrinking deltas
2. Air pollution
3. Salinisation of coastal aquifers and ground water reserves
4. Threats to fresh water and marine fisheries and biodiversity - olive Ridley turtles , gharials
5. Not enough sediment left it river to protect against flooding
6. Threat to lives of coastal inhabitants - tutucorin coast - sea waves reaching homes
7. Damage to infrastructure - bridges, embankments etc

Wf
1. M sand
2. Fly ash utilisation
3, crz regulations
4. Periodic assessment , surveillance
5. Env ministry’s 2020 guidelines for sand mining

UNEP report SAND, RARER THAN ONE THINKS — heavy taxation so as to incentivise alternatives

27
Q

Issues with pop

A
  1. Persistence in the environment.
  2. Bio-accumulation in the fatty acids in living organisms.
  3. Adverse effect on human health/ environment.
    Exposure to POPs can lead to cancer, damage to central & peripheral nervous systems, diseases of the immune system, reproductive disorders and interference with normal infant and child development.
  4. The property of long-range environmental transport (LRET) makes them spread widely in the atmosphere.
28
Q

Wildlife protection act 2022

A
  1. Reduced schedules from 6 to 4 - highest, lesser, plant, CITES
  2. People posssesing live specimens of scheduled animals to obtain registration certification
  3. Voluntary surrender of captive animals without compensation
  4. commercial trade in live elephants
  5. For sanctuaries falling in scheduled area (5th schedule) management plan to be prepared after consultation with GS
  6. CG can also notify conservation reserves
29
Q

Issues with the WLPA 2022

A
  1. PSC has objected to blanket exemption to live elephants, limit to temple elephants
  2. Centers hold over vermin continues
  3. Silent on Human wildlife conflict , eco sensitive zone rules etc
  4. Fear of dilution of state wildlife boards
30
Q

Key provisions of biodiversity amendment bill

A
  1. Exempts AYUSH practitioners and people accessing codified traditional knowledge from prior intimation to Sbb for accessing biological resources
  2. Removes applicability of benefit sharing requirements from research, bio-survey, and bio-utilisation.
  3. Exempt cultivated medicinal plants
  4. Allows foreign investment in research via Indian companies
  5. Decriminalises offences
  6. Fast tracking patents
31
Q

Critical analysis of biodiversity bill

A
  1. Against the spirit of CBD
    - favouring industry ( conservation vs commerce )
    - weaken the framework for benefit sharing
  2. Decriminalise violations - weaken enforcement of biodiversity problems
  3. Ambiguity regarding “ codified traditional knowledge “ - disincentives codification of TK
  4. Now only foreign controlled companies need to seek permission. But loophole for domestic companies with foreign shareholding to bypass the approval process
  5. Profiteering AYUSH companies can avoid the responsibility of sharing benefit

Good
1. Ease of doing business
2. Boost innovation in Ayush
3. Trust based governance

32
Q

Provisions of forest amendment bill 2023

A
  1. was changed to Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan)
  2. The Bill restricts the legislation’s ambit only to areas recorded as forests on or after October1980.
  3. exemptions include strategic projects related to national security within 100 km of the International Borders, Line of Actual Control (LAC), Line of Control (LoC) etc.
  4. The amendments add new activities such as infrastructure for frontline forest staff, ecotourism, zoo, and safari into the array of forestry activities for the conservation of forest
  5. Surveys and investigations in forest areas will not be considered non-forestry activities.
33
Q

Concerns of the forest bill

A
  1. Example of western ghats
  2. The proposed exemptions in the Bill, particularly those related to strategic projects near international borders, have raised concerns about the potential clearance of forests in ecologically sensitive areas, such as the Himalayan, trans-Himalayan, and northeastern regions.
  3. Limited applicability- goes against the godavarman tirumalpad judgement
  4. More construction inside forest
  5. States argue that amendment- more power to center
34
Q

Solid waste management issues in india

A
  1. Generation
    India generates 62 mn tonnes of waste each year
  2. Waste management
    - lack of segregation at source
    - hazardous waste not sealed or labelled - harm waste collectors and processors
    - e- waste not properly disposed
    - collection via scavengers

Case study - Brahmapuram fire

  1. Littering and illegal dumping - uncontrolled dumps
  2. lack of financial resources to local bodies
    - understaffed, underpaid, poorly maintained Collection infra
  3. Lack of civic responsibility
35
Q

Issues with improper solid waste management

A
  1. Health issues
    - diseases among sanitation workers
    - open burning - lung diseases
    - breeding ground for rats and mosquitoes
  2. Environmental isssues
    -harmful chemicals permeate into soil and groundwater
    - harmful gas from land fills -gw
    - lot of land based waste ends up in sea
  3. Economic impacts
    - opportunity cost of not utilising recycling
    - clogging of drains - urban flood
    - tourism
36
Q

Solid waste management rules

A
  1. Applicable beyond municipal area
  2. Segreagation at source
  3. Dry, wet , Hazardous
  4. Integration of waste picker’s
  5. User fee and fine to be decided by local bodies
37
Q

Fund for loss and damage announced in cop 27. Need

A

L&D refers to destructive impacts of cc that cannot be avoided.

  1. CBDR - 1:108 per person emission of USA and Ethiopia
  2. Disappearing islands - Tuvalu minister addressed cop 26 knee deeep in water saying ‘we are sinking ‘
  3. Livelihood - ex: changing tuna migration habits of Pacific Ocean affecting lives and livelihood of small island states
  4. Extreme weather events - ex: temperature of lake chad region risen by nearly 2 degree since 1960
  5. Highly vulnerable countries not able to meet L&D expenses alone

Economies of v20 have lost an estimated 525 billion dollars in last 20 years due to the impacts of CC

38
Q

India’s LT-LEDS in cop 27

A
  1. Nuclear power capacity by 3 fold
  2. Ethanol blending 20%
  3. Public transportation , energy efficient smart cities with effective waste disposal
  4. Green hydrogen
  5. Pat - perform , achieve, trade
39
Q

Challenges of waste to energy plants in india

A
  1. High moisture content - so inefficient
  2. Lack of segregation at source - sticky silts and soil particles will escape the sieve
  3. Risk of emissions of dioxins and furans if not burnt at high temp. Health threats
  4. Even under optimal conditions- flue gas, mercury vapor, fly ash
  5. Municipal government use compactors to transport waste - segregation difficult
40
Q

Bio energy steps india

A
  1. 10 gw installed capacity by 2022- achieved
  2. National biofuel policy- 20% blending by 2030
  3. Gobardhan- budget 23-24
  4. solid waste management rules - so can channelise to waste to energy
  5. Policy for biomass and bagesse cogeneration
41
Q

Wf for biodiversity bill

A

JPC commitee suggestions while approving the bill
1. Promote indigenous medicines
2. Attracting foreign investment for research
3. Empowering indigenous communities

C0p 15 of cbd - theme “ ecological civilisation: building a shared future for all life on earth “

42
Q

Forest conservation act 1980 key points

A
  1. Restrict the use of forest for non- forest
  2. Clearance from forest advisory committee
  3. Mandatory compensatory afforestation
  4. Penalties
43
Q

Positives of forest conservation bill

A
  1. Correct the ambiguities of godavarman tirumalpad case which brought deemed forests under FCA and thereby made people reluctant to take up agroforestry, plantation etc.
  2. Increase forest cover
  3. Creating carbon sink
  4. Achieving net zero
  5. ecotourism
    - livelihood of forest dwellers
    - success of project tiger and project elephant mainly bcoz of regular visit of forest lovers
  6. Infrastructure in border areas
44
Q

How to reduce plastic waste

A
  1. Strict enforcement of regulations
    Ex: Kenya banned use of SUP carrier bags with a fine of 40000$
  2. Availability of alternatives
    Ex: vikalp stores of Delhi which provides eco- alternatives
  3. Awareness campaign
    Ex: MEEDUM MANJAPAI campaign of TN to create awareness regarding use of cloth bags
  4. Promoting startups
    Ex: Banyan nation - hyd based start up that converts plastic waste into premium qulaity plastic bottles used by fmcg for packaging shampoos and detergents
  5. Incentivise recycling
    Ex: Himachal Pradesh collects sup from school students - 75rs / kg — and use it to build roads
45
Q

Carbon capture, storage utilisation

A
46
Q

Carbon storage options

A
  1. Oil and gas reservoirs
  2. Deep saline formation
  3. Coal beds- can be used in enhanced cbm extraction
  4. Basalt formation and shale basin
47
Q

Carbon utilisation methods

A
  1. Synthesising methanol
  2. Convert to polymers - plastics, foams, resins
  3. Building material
    Ex: co2 cured concrete
48
Q

Key points of un high seas treaty

was agreed during talks led by the UN during the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) in New York, the US.

A
  1. Set up an access and benefit sharing commitee for genetic resources extracted from high seas
  2. These extractions should be exclusively for peaceful purposes
  3. Signatories have to conduct EIA before exploitation of marine resources
  4. Marine resources beyond national jurisdiction that are held by indigenous people - their consent required for access
  5. Setting up of clearing house mechanism - members should provide details like objective of research, name of sponsors etc
  6. Special fund to be established
49
Q

India’s Antarctic bill and needs

A
  1. Regulate visiting - need permits which will be issued by a government appointed committee
  2. Protecting mineral resources- prohibits drilling, excavation etc. only exception is scientific research with a permit
  3. Protect native plants, prohibits flying and landing of helicopters that could disturb seals or birds
  4. Prohibition on introducing organism not native
  5. Regulation on tour operators

Need
1. India signatory to antartic treaty 1983
2. Pristine nature

50
Q

Benifits of agroforestry

A
  1. Reduced soil erosion
  2. Increased water uptake - prevent runoff to rivers- eutrophication
  3. Additional income - fruits, nuts, timber
  4. Extra habitats for pollinators and friendly predators who combat pests
  5. Climate change, carbon sequestration
  6. Healthy soil - effective nutrient cycling by trees
51
Q

Difficulties of agri forestry

A
  1. Delayed ROI
  2. Underdeveloped markets for tree products
  3. Agri policies favouring crop
  4. Awareness
  5. In india so far deemed forest category created fear among farmers to take up agroforestry

Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains (5 decks)

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