Geography - EQ 2 Flashcards
Degg’s model
Bigger the vulnerability or more factors = bigger the disaster.
Why do people live in areas with tectonic activity
Well structures
Extinct volcano
Grew up there
Lack of knowledge
Jobs
Financial
Vulnerability
Ability to anticipate, cope, resist and recover from a natural hazard
Resilience
Ability to protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction and to restore areas after
What decreases resilience
Low doctor dependant ratio
Large scale rural migration
Rapid population growth
Lack of skills
What increases resilience
Good communications
Positive attitudes
Pre planning
Good medical services
PAR (pressure and release) model
things from both sides interact and cause a disaster. Assess how vulnerable a country is
What’s the idea of a PAR model
To relieve pressure vulnerability needs to be reduced
Tsunami - impacts
Very large impacts from a small number of events
Earthquake - impacts
Large impacts, as significant events are common and widespread
Volcano - impacts
Small and declining impacts, especially death tolls
Physical vulnerability
when people live in hazard prone areas, little protection
Economic vulnerability
when people lose their jobs or assets and money
Social vulnerability
community is unable to support disadvantaged people
Knowledge vulnerability
exists when people lack education or training
Environmental vulnerability
exists where are people live has increased hazard risk because of population pressure
Risk - equation
Risk= Hazard x Vulnerability
—————————
Capacity to cope
Moment magnitude scale - what is it
Measures energy released
Measures area of rupture and movement
No upper limit - each 1 increase is 10x increase in strength
Moment magnitude - advantages
Takes 3 things into account - (energy released, area of rupture, resistance of affected rock)
Geological evidence
Recorded on seismometer
Moment magnitude - disadvantages
Doesn’t show impacts
Only uses numbers
Scientific equipment - not available in developing countries
Mercalli scale - what is it
Measures intensity of earthquake
Takes in local conditions - secondary impacts
Goes from 1-12 or instrumental to catastrophic
Mercalli - advantages
Shows how big impacts are
Used numbers and words
Costs less
Mercalli - disadvantages
Has upper limit
No buildings- hard to see coming
Most people may not understand scale
Governance
Important aspect of a country’s resilience, refers to the process by which a country or region is run
What is the Swiss cheese model
Layers of cheese = safety system
Holes = weaknesses
Accident occurs when holes line up
